68
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1), 68-80. 2025
http://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i1.2366
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๏‘Œ๎˜
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๏‘
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ด๎™…๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๏‘
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๏‘Œ
๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•
*Autor para correspondencia: jljaramilloc@unl.edu.ec
RECIBIDO: 07/11/2024 ACEPTADO: 06/01/2025 PUBLICADO: 14/01/2025
RESUMEN
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹Capsicum annuum๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™š๎™„๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜—๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—๎˜—๎˜๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™
๎˜–
ha
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘
Palabras clave:๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜™๎˜œ
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
INTRODUCCIร“N
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™ฐ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜บ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™ด๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ช๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™‰๎™ด๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜ง๎™ฉ๎™™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎™€๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ด๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎šฑ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎˜ฉ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ฉ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ฐ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘
ABSTRACT
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹Capsicum annuum๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™˜๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™š๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™’๎™œ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™•๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™
๎˜–
ha
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™‹๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™š๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜‘
Keywords:๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜‘
๎˜š๎˜“
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎˜จ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎šฑ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎šž๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜–๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
MATERIALES Y Mร‰TODOS
รrea de estudio
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™˜๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎˜ท๎˜ฐ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜บ๎˜ช๎˜ถ๎˜›๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎˜‘๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎›ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‰๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–
Construcciรณn de los lisรญmetros
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™
2
de
๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‰๎™„๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™ฉ๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜”
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™น๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™ด๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™˜๎™…๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™น๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™๎™…๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‰๎™„๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™—๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™–๎™‰๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜›๎˜
๎˜—๎˜™๎˜๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎˜ง๎˜ท๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ด๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Ž๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™†๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™‡๎™„๎˜
๎™†๎™Œ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™ธ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™œ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜•
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ผ๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜
โ€ข ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’
โ€ข ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ฉ๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™น๎™•๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜
๎˜ง๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜
๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ
๎˜ง๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜’๎™†๎™
๎˜–
๎˜ง๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎˜’๎™†๎™
๎˜–
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™ฉ๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™น๎™•๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜
๎˜ง๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜
๎˜ฏ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™
๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ
๎˜ณ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™™๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ต๎™˜๎™ด๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Mediciรณn de Variables Meteorolรณgicas
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ฉ๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
medidas.
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ
m
2
๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜‘
Sensor Variable Unidad
Altura
Sensor (m)
๎˜ต๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’
๎˜ต๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎˜ญ๎˜ƒ๎™
๎˜๎˜•
d
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜Œ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜“
๎˜ซ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™•๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’
๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ
๎˜ˆ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜“
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’
๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’
m s
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜–๎˜๎˜–๎˜“
๎˜ณ๎™๎™˜๎™™๎™Œ๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘ mm ๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜“
๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’
๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ
๓ฐ€‰๎˜ฆ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜“
Evapotranspiraciรณn del cultivo de referencia
(ETo)
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‰๎™—๎™š๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ต๎˜ฒ๎˜ณ๎˜บ๎˜ค๎˜ท๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๓ฐ€‰๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™’๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ
dรญa
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜š๎˜–
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
Evapotranspiraciรณn del cultivo de pimiento
(ETc) por el mรฉtodo del lisรญmetro volumรฉtrico.
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜Ž๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ช๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜
๎˜ง๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜
๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ง๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–
๎˜ฌ๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
Coe๎šฟciente de cultivo (Kc)
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜
๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
.
๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
.
RESULTADOS
Propiedades hidrofรญsicas del suelo
๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™’๎˜ค๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™พ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™
๎˜๎˜–
๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜’๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎™๎™น๎™–๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜ณ๎˜ฉ๎˜ฌ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‡๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’
รtems Textura
Da Saturaciรณn WCC WPMP CA AA VPFI Clase
๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™
๎˜๎˜–
๎˜ˆ ๎˜ˆ ๎˜ˆ ๎˜ˆ ๎˜ˆ ๎˜ˆ
1 ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎˜ค๎™† ๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜ ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜“ ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜“ ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜“ ๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜– ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜•๎˜š ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜“ ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ
๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎šฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ฑ๎˜ต๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎˜ฑ๎˜ฏ
๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™’๎˜ค๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™พ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™
๎˜๎˜–
๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜’๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎™๎™น๎™–๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜š๎˜—
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜ณ๎˜ฉ๎˜ฌ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜‘
Variables meteorolรณgicas medidas
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
.
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘
Mes
Temperatura (โฐC)
Humedad
relativa (%)
Velocidad del
viento (m s
-1
)
Horas sol
(horas)
Radiaciรณn solar
(MJ m
-2
d
-1
)
Mรกxima Media Mรญnima
Febrero
๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜™ ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜š ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜š ๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜•
Marzo
๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜› ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜› ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜› ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜– ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜˜
Abril
๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜š ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜œ ๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜– ๎˜•๎˜๎˜• ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜œ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ
Mayo
๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š ๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜• ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜š ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜“ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ ๎˜š๎˜๎˜— ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜”
Junio
๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜” ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜“ ๎˜š๎˜”๎˜๎˜› ๎˜•๎˜๎˜– ๎˜š๎˜๎˜• ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜˜
Julio
๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜™ ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜– ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜“ ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜” ๎˜–๎˜๎˜• ๎˜™๎˜๎˜˜ ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜”
Promedio 24,4 22,4 20,4 74,5 2,6 6,4 18,5
Evapotranspiraciรณn del cultivo de referencia
(ETo)
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ
dรญa
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜–๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™š๎™„๎™—๎˜‘
Fases Fenolรณgicas
Ciclo Cultivo
(DDT)
ETo (mm
dรญa
-1
)
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹plantaciรณn o
inicio del cultivo๎˜Œ
๎˜–๎˜˜ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜œ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹crecimiento y
desarrollo vegetativo๎˜Œ
๎˜˜๎˜™ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜›๎˜–
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹desarrollo y
crecimiento de frutos๎˜Œ
86 ๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜”
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹maduraciรณn y
cosecha๎˜Œ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜™ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜–๎˜š
Evapotranspiraciรณn del cultivo de pimiento
(ETc), mรฉtodo del lisรญmetro volumรฉtrico
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ
dรญa
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜˜
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘
Etapas Fenolรณgicas
Ciclo Cultivo
(DDT)
ETc (mm
dรญa
-1
)
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹plantaciรณn o inicio
del cultivo๎˜Œ
๎˜–๎˜˜ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹crecimiento y
desarrollo vegetativo๎˜Œ
๎˜˜๎˜™ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜—
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹desarrollo y
crecimiento de frutos๎˜Œ
86 ๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜œ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹maduraciรณn y
cosecha๎˜Œ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜™ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜“
Coe๎šฟciente de cultivo (Kc)
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Ž๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Etapas Fenolรณgicas
Ciclo Cultivo
(DDT)
Kc
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜‹plantaciรณn o
inicio del cultivo๎˜Œ
๎˜–๎˜˜ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜”
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹crecimiento y
desarrollo vegetativo๎˜Œ
๎˜˜๎˜™ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜™๎˜œ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹desarrollo y
crecimiento de frutos๎˜Œ
86 ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜”
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎˜‹maduraciรณn y
cosecha๎˜Œ
๎˜”๎˜š๎˜™ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜
๎˜ค๎™–๎™ด๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‰๎™’๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎šฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘
DISCUSIร“N
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‡๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎˜ฐ๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜•๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™น๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎šฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™ด๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜™
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜—๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™น๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™†๎™ฉ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎™๎™น๎™–๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ด๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™–๎™ด๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜š๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™น๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™„๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜–๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎šƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™ฉ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ด๎™„
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎›ˆ๎™๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ
dรญa
๎˜๎˜”
๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™พ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™Ž๎™†๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™๎™˜๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ฝ๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ฐ๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎›ˆ๎™๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Ž๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Ž๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ฐ๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜š
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ค๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Ž๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜–๎˜•๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜›๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜–๎˜—๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‰๎™’๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜ท๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
CONCLUSIONES
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‰๎™’๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘
AGRADECIMIENTOS
๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™™๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฌ๎˜ท๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎šณ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎˜ฌ๎˜ช๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฒ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎šด๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ด๎™…๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘
CONTRIBUCIร“N DE AUTORES
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜จ๎˜ช๎˜ช๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜›
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ญ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜จ๎˜ช๎˜ช๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™˜๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎˜ฏ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎›ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ด๎™…๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜จ๎˜ช๎˜ช๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜ญ๎˜ฆ๎˜ญ
BIBLIOGRAFรA
๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™‰๎™„๎™’๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜–๎˜’๎™›๎˜“๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜“๎™–๎˜’๎™›๎˜“๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜“๎™–๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎›ˆ๎™๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒDeterminaciรณn del coe๎šฟciente
de cultivo (Kc) del pimiento (Capsicum annuum
L.) en funciรณn a la evapotranspiraciรณn real en
comparaciรณn con el Kc teรณrico ๎˜พ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™”๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜’๎™„๎™“๎™Œ๎˜’๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜’๎˜š๎™‡๎˜•๎˜›๎˜•๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜๎™„๎™„๎˜—๎˜”๎˜
๎˜—๎™‡๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜๎™„๎™‰๎™‡๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎™ˆ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜“๎™…๎™„๎˜›๎™ˆ๎˜—๎˜”๎˜’๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒAnรกlisis de la disponibilidad
y demanda de agua, con ๎šฟnes de riego, en el
Sistema Campana- Malacatos, utilizando los
Sistemas de Informaciรณn Geogrรก๎šฟca (SIG) ๎˜พ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™‡๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜š๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜—๎˜—๎˜”๎˜“๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’
๎˜ค๎˜ฏ๎˜จ๎˜ป๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ฏ๎˜จ๎˜ฒ๎˜ฑ๎˜จ๎˜ฏ๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ˆ๎˜ฆ๎˜–๎˜ˆ๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“
๎˜ต๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ค๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎šฒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜š๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜•๎˜“๎˜œ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™พ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ค๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜“๎˜™๎˜š๎˜’
๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜š๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜—๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒManual de interpretaciรณn de
suelo y aguas๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฑ๎˜ท๎˜ค๎˜ช๎˜ต๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜’๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™‚๎šฟ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜’๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ค๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎™œ๎˜๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒCรกlculo de la evapotranspiraciรณn
mediante tres mรฉtodos y determinaciรณn de las
necesidades de riego en los cultivos de pepino
y pimiento en la ๎šฟnca โ€œLa Marรญaโ€๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™”๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜’๎™„๎™“๎™Œ๎˜’๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜’๎™…๎˜˜๎™†๎˜—๎˜”๎˜™๎™„๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎˜
๎˜—๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜๎™…๎™‡๎˜›๎™‰๎˜๎˜™๎˜–๎˜™๎˜”๎™†๎™…๎˜–๎™‰๎˜•๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜’๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—
๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ฝ๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜น๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜ต๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ด๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista Ciencias
Tรฉcnicas Agropecuarias๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜‘
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒSistema de informaciรณn geogrรก๎šฟca
preliminar del sistema de riego Campanaโ€”
Malacatos ๎˜พ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜’
๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜š๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜•๎˜”๎˜›๎˜•๎˜—๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™Š๎™’๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“
๎˜ง๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎˜ˆ๎˜ฆ๎˜–๎˜ˆ๎˜ฅ๎˜–๎™‘๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒSolanรกceas:
Agrotecnologรญa Na Produรงรฃo De Tomate, Batata,
Pimentao,pimenta, Berinjela E Jilรณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎˜ฉ๎˜ฏ๎˜ค๎˜‘
๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
Consideraciones sobre producciรณn, manejo y
poscosecha de ๎›€ores de corte con รฉnfasis en rosa
y clavel๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜™๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜’
๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜’๎˜–๎˜—๎˜”๎˜•๎˜š๎˜–๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎™‚๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™‚๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–
๎˜ช๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™•๎™Š๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™„๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™“๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜‘๎˜ƒJournal of Irrigation and
Drainage Engineering๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜™๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜—๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜™๎˜”๎˜’๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ถ๎˜ฆ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜ฌ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜–๎˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜š๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜™๎˜—
๎˜ฌ๎™–๎™๎™„๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™„๎™พ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ฒ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ฉ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™ฏ๎™ญ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Gaia Scientia๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‘
๎˜š๎˜œ
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™พ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ฒ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™ฏ๎™ญ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฒ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™Œ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista Brasileira
de Engenharia Agrรญcola e Ambiental๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜’๎˜ถ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜
๎˜—๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š
๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™๎™’๎™†๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๏ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista de la
Facultad de Agronomรญa๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜š๎˜•๎˜›๎˜“๎˜’
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎˜ธ๎˜ฝ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎™™๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜—
๎˜ฏ๎™ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ต๎™˜๎™ด๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Evapotranspiraciรณn de los cultivos y lisimetrรญa
๎˜‹๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™’๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ฐ๎™†๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜’
๎™“๎™˜๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™–๎˜’๎™…๎™’๎™’๎™Ž๎™–๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜“๎˜™๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜•๎˜›๎˜•๎˜—๎˜
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ˆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ˆ๎˜›๎˜”๎™‘๎™‚๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‚๎™๎™’๎™–๎™‚๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ค๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™ธ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ด๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™–๎˜๎˜ท๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™“๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ต๎™˜๎™™๎™„๎™๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ค๎™๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒTerra Latinoamericana๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜๎˜•๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™†๎™ฉ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™—๎™ญ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista Verde de
Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentรกvel๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜‘
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒDeterminar los requerimientos
hรญdricos del pepino (cucumis sativus l) mediante
el lisรญmetro volumรฉtrico, en el sector La Trinidad
perteneciente al Sistema de Riego Campana-
Malacatos๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™€๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜’
๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜š๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜›๎˜—๎˜š๎˜•๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’๎˜ผ๎˜ค๎˜ฑ๎˜ง๎˜ต๎˜ผ๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“
๎˜ณ๎˜ค๎˜ธ๎˜ฏ๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜ฑ๎˜จ๎˜ฝ๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ถ๎˜ค๎˜ฑ๎˜ฆ๎˜ซ๎˜จ๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹capsicum annuum๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒActas
de horticultura. Sociedad Espaรฑola de Ciencias
Hortรญcolas. IV Congreso Ibรฉrico de Ciencias
Hortรญcolas๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜–๎˜™๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜—๎˜”๎˜‘
๎˜ฑ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒEconomรญa Sociedad y Territorio๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜™๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜•๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜’
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜”๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜œ
๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista
Brasileira de Engenharia Agrรญcola e Ambiental๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜—๎˜๎˜–๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜’๎˜ถ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜
๎˜—๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”
๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™“๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™˜๎™˜๎™๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™ด๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎šต๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎šถ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒCultivos
Tropicales๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜•๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‘
๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™Š๎™๎™๎™„๎™‹๎™˜๎™„๎™œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒSiembra๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜—๎˜™๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜™๎˜’๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™„๎˜‘๎™™๎˜™๎™Œ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜™๎˜—๎˜”
๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ณ๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎˜๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜จ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ถ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™‹๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹capsicum annuum๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ผ๎™„๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista Biotecnia๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜‘
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒCompactaciรณn de
suelos y su control: Estudio de casos en el
Valle de Aconcagua๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎™†๎™๎˜’
๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜’๎˜š๎˜—๎˜™๎˜“
๎˜ถ๎™’๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™ฏ๎™ญ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ฒ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ญ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒActa
Scientiarum๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜’๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎™™๎˜–๎˜–๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜š
๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒPlan
Nacional de Riego y Drenaje 2019โ€”2027๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎™Š๎™’๎™…๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™–๎˜’๎˜›๎™‚๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‚
๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™‚๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‚๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎™‚๎™œ๎™‚๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜›๎˜“
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(1): Enero-Junio, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™ด๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒBosques
Latitud Cero๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™
๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™ธ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒCondiciones fรญsicas de los suelos de la
regiรณn sur del Ecuador: Una guรญa para proyectos
de riego, drenaje, manejo y conservaciรณn de
suelos ๎˜‹๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜น๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ง๎™ฉ๎™™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒRevista Econรณmica๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜”๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜™๎˜•๎˜–
๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‰๎™„๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‰๎™„๎™ธ๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™†๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜พ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™…๎™„๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™€๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
articulo๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜‘
๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ช๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ฉ๎™๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™’๎™๎™Š๎™˜๎™ด๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Revista de Agricultura en Zonas รridas (IDESIA),
๎˜น๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘
๎˜บ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™๎™ผ๎™•๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™Ž๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™„๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜บ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎˜ถ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
Geoscienti๎šฟc Model Development๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜•๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜’๎™Š๎™๎™‡๎˜๎˜œ๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™
๎˜ผ๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™‡๎™‹๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™“๎™Œ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒApplied
Engineering in Agriculture๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜–๎˜“๎˜–๎˜”๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜–