ISSNe 2528-7818
DOI: 10.54753/blc.v15i2
Volumen 15 | Nรบmero 2 | Aรฑo 2025
Revista Cientรญ๏ฌca Indexada
BOSQUES
Latitud Cero
Editorial Universidad Nacional de Loja
Direcciรณn: Ciudad Universitaria Guillermo Falconรญ. Loja - Ecuador
Cod. Postal: 110111 P.B.X: +593 7 254 7252
email: bosqueslatitudcero@unl.edu.ec
www.unl.edu.ec ๎˜Ÿ revistas.unl.edu.ec/index.php/bosques
30
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2), 30-42. 2025
https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
Publicado por la Universidad Nacional de Loja,
bajo licencia Creative Commons 4.0
๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•
๎˜ฉ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•
๎˜ค๎™๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๏‘Œ*
๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™ธ๎™’๎˜๎˜ท๎™’๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™„๏‘
๎˜ฐ๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™“๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ฝ๎™พ๎™ธ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๏‘Œ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๏‘Ž๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•
๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•
๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•
*Autor para correspondencia: alfredo.jimenez@unesum.edu.ec
RECIBIDO: 02/02/2025 ACEPTADO: 12/05/2025
โ–  โ– 
RESUMEN
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™พ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜“๎˜๎˜” ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎šก๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ซ๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™˜๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒBursera graveolens๎˜๎˜ƒCeiba trichistandra๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒCochlospermum vitifolium๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
Palabras clave:๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–
PUBLICADO: 02/07/2025
31
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
โ–  โ– 
ABSTRACT
๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™œ๎™“๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎šก๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ซ๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™š๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™‹๎™Œ๎™“๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™—๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™˜๎™“๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒBursera graveolens๎˜๎˜ƒCeiba trichistandra๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒCochlospermum vitifolium๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™‹๎™’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๏ต๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™š๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎›€๎™„๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‹๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™’๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ƒ
Keywords:๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–
โ–  โ– 
INTRODUCCIร“N
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎˜ถ๎˜ท๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™พ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™“๎™‹๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™˜๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™•๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜™๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™‹๎™ฉ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ Bursera graveolens
๎™œ๎˜ƒ Cochlospermum vitifolium๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒCeiba trichistandra
๎˜‹๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™น๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ฐ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™’๎™๎™‡๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™Œ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™๎™˜๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™Š๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™น๎šฟ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ฐ๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ฐ๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ช๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜ถ๎˜ท๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ฐ๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ Handroanthus billbergii ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Guazuma
ulmifolia๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ฉ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
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Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ง๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™˜๎™–๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ช๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜
๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™ด๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎šณ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎šด๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™น๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™พ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
โ–  โ– 
MATERIALES Y Mร‰TODOS
รrea de estudio
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜›๎˜ƒ
๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜š๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎˜‘๎™‘๎˜‘๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™…๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘
Tamaรฑo de la muestra para el inventario de
especies
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎›ฎ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
33
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎šณ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎šด๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™น๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™พ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Variables medidas
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎š•๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎˜ค๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎š•๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
Variables ambientales consideradas
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜“๎šฑ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™’๎™…๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™…๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎šฟ๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ด๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎™„๎™๎™Ž๎™๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜
๎˜ฅ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฑ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™‹๎™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™น๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™’๎™—๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™–๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™—๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฝ๎™‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜ท๎˜ณ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™‹๎™Œ๎™‡๎™•๎™น๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™˜๎™œ๎™’๎™˜๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎˜ณ๎˜ถ๎˜ฐ๎˜ค๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜—๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™…๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Anรกlisis de la diversidad
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™‰๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™‰๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎šถ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎˜๎™Ž๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™•๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎šก๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜บ๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎›‹๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎›‹๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ซ๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘
โ–  โ– 
RESULTADOS
Anรกlisis ๎›€orรญstico
Diversidad beta (ฮฒ)
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎šก๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜–๎˜—
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™•๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ž๎˜ƒBrosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒGuazuma
ulmifolia๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒInga spectabilis ๎™œ Erythrina
velutina๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ Cecropia montana
๎™œ๎˜ƒ Cordia eriostigma๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™น๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ Sapindus saponaria๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Simarouba
amara๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™…๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™›๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™†๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎˜ฒ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™›๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ฐ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™“๎™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™“๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™น๎™–๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜Ÿ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™“๎™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฎ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜š๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜‘
Anรกlisis de Correspondencia Canรณnica
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜–๎˜˜
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ Machaerium millei๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
Cordia eriostigma๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ฐ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™ด๎™‡๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ Erythrina velutina๎˜ Sapindus
saponaria๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒMaclura tinctoria๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ Guazuma ulmifolia๎˜๎˜ƒ Mangifera indica๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
Brosimum alicastrum๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™›๎™—๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒCecropia montana๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒTriplaris cumingiana๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™‹๎™ฉ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™พ๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
Anรกlisis de Componentes Principales (ACP)
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฆ๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
Brosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Guazuma ulmifolia๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฆ๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜š๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜’
๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜–๎˜๎˜•๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™น๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฆ๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฆ๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™พ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜ฆ๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜š๎˜๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜’๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜ฆ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜”๎˜๎˜—๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜™
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜‘
Diversidad Alfa (ฮฑ)
Riqueza
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ Brosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™†๎™๎™˜๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒGuazuma ulmifolia๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™พ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒSimarouba amara๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ Erythrina velutina๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒInga
spectabilis๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Centrolobium ochroxylum๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™˜๎™‘๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒMaclura tinctoria๎˜๎˜ƒCeiba pentandra๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
Sapindus saponaria๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™“๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘
Salto en el cรกlculo (Jack-kni๎šฟng)
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™‰๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™‰๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒJack-kni๎šฟng๎˜๎˜ƒ๎›‹๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘
Parcela
Excluida
รndice de
Shannon
รndice de
Simpson
Riqueza
Equitatividad
โ‚ฌ
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜” ๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜” ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜š๎˜” 13 ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜—
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜• ๎˜–๎˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜™ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜™ 22 ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜—
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜– ๎˜•๎˜๎˜›๎˜—๎˜˜ ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜š๎˜– ๎˜”๎˜› ๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜—
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜— ๎˜•๎˜๎˜›๎˜•๎˜› ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜š๎˜š ๎˜•๎˜— ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜“
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜˜ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜• ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜š 22 ๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜›
Promedios
3,00 ยฑ
0,27
0,8931 ยฑ
0,0360
19,80 ยฑ
4,38
1,0166 ยฑ
0,1088
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ Brosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒGuazuma
ulmifolia๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒCecropia montana๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒCordia
eriostigma๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ญ๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎˜๎™Ž๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜‘
Estructura horizontal
Importancia ecolรณgica de las especies
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™๎™๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™“๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜–๎˜š
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ท๎™„๎™…๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘
Especie AA FA DA AR% FR% DR% IVIE
Brosimum alicastrum ๎˜ถ๎™š๎˜‘
102 ๎˜› ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜–๎˜š๎˜– ๎˜•๎˜™๎˜๎˜œ๎˜› ๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜• ๎˜“๎˜๎˜›๎˜• ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜๎˜–
Guazuma ulmifolia ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎˜‘
๎˜—๎˜• 11 ๎˜™๎˜š๎˜๎˜š๎˜”๎˜” ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜” ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜• ๎˜–๎˜๎˜™๎˜• ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜
Sapindus saponaria L.
22 13 ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜™๎˜๎˜”๎˜—๎˜— ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜• ๎˜™๎˜๎˜“๎˜˜ ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜› ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜˜๎˜˜
Machaerium millei ๎˜‹๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™—๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎˜‘
๎˜”๎˜— ๎˜™ ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜– ๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜“ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜œ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜๎˜”๎˜— ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜๎˜™๎˜—
Cecropia montana ๎˜ท๎™•๎™ฐ๎™†๎™˜๎™
22 11 ๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜” ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜• ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜• ๎˜—๎˜๎˜›๎˜“ ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜–
Cordia eriostigma ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™—๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•
10 10 ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜“ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜™๎˜˜ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜˜ ๎˜š๎˜๎˜š๎˜š ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜š
Mangifera indica L.
22 10 ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜š ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜• ๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜˜ ๎˜–๎˜๎˜œ๎˜™ ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜๎˜—๎˜–
Maclura tinctoria ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ง๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™˜๎™‡๎˜‘
๎˜— ๎˜”๎˜˜ ๎˜–๎˜–๎˜๎˜š๎˜–๎˜˜ ๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜™ ๎˜™๎˜๎˜œ๎˜› ๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜” ๎˜œ๎˜๎˜›๎˜—
Erythrina velutina ๎˜บ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™‡๎˜‘
๎˜˜ ๎˜™ ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜› ๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜• ๎˜•๎˜๎˜š๎˜œ ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜›๎˜“ ๎˜œ๎˜๎˜œ๎˜”
Simarouba amara ๎˜ค๎™˜๎™…๎™๎˜‘
11 ๎˜œ ๎˜–๎˜š๎˜๎˜—๎˜–๎˜“ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜œ๎˜” ๎˜—๎˜๎˜”๎˜œ ๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜“ ๎˜œ๎˜๎˜”๎˜“
๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™—๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™…๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™…๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™…๎™–๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™ด๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™“๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™•๎™ด๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜‘
Regeneraciรณn natural y dinรกmica del bosque
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ฉ๎™“๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ Terminalia amazonia
๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ต๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒCordia eriostigma๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒCoccoloba
ruiziana๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ Tabebuia chrysantha
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒTriplaris cumingiana๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜•๎˜๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜˜๎˜๎˜ƒBrosimum alicastrum
๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ Co๎ฟผea arabica
๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜—๎˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒBrosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜๎˜ƒ
Coccoloba ruiziana๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Maclura
tinctoria๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ Co๎ฟผea
arabica๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒCentrolobium
ochroxylum๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Cecropia montana๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜›๎˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜–๎˜๎˜ƒ Roupala montana๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎˜—๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
Sapium marmieri๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜™๎˜๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒCecropia montana๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒBrosimum alicastrum๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™—๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘
รndice de Morisita-Horn
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ซ๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘
๎ถ๎˜ƒ๎ถ๎˜ƒ
DISCUSIร“N
Diversidad de especies y factores edรก๎šฟcos
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™•๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™“๎™๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜š๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜›
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™ธ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™‹๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Composiciรณn ๎›€orรญstica y diversidad beta
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜—๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ช๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™œ๎™’๎™™๎™ด๎˜
๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ Inga spectabilis๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Erythrina
velutina๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™ธ๎™’๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘
In๎›€uencia de factores edรก๎šฟcos en la
composiciรณn vegetal
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™น๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™…๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎›€๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™˜๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ด๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ด๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎™„๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™Š๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜๎˜ง๎™ด๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ท๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Anรกlisis de componentes principales y
diferenciaciรณn espacial
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ณ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ณ๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎˜’
๎˜ฐ๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™Š๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎˜ณ๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜๎˜š๎˜”๎˜ƒ๎˜ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™˜๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™˜๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™’๎™…๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Diversidad alfa y riqueza de especies
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™‰๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™น๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™œ๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒBrosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒGuazuma ulmifolia
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™…๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™๎™„๎™™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Importancia ecolรณgica de las especies
dominantes
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎›‹๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒBrosimum alicastrum๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜œ
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒGuazuma ulmifolia๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜ƒ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ Sapindus saponaria๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ฌ๎˜น๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ ๎˜ƒ ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ž๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜
๎˜ช๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Regeneraciรณn natural y dinรกmica sucesional
๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒCecropia montana๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
Terminalia amazonia๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฑ๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ด๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘
Estructura vertical y similitud entre estratos
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ซ๎™’๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™น๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™“๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™œ๎™น๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜“๎˜๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™Š๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™•๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™Š๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜‹๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ด๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎ถ๎˜ƒ๎ถ๎˜ƒ
CONCLUSIONES
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎™„๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒBrosimum
alicastrum๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ Guazuma ulmifolia๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎˜ฆ๎˜ณ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎šฟ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎˜ซ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฐ๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎›€๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™“๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ฉ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎™˜๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ ๎™™๎™˜๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘
๎ถ๎˜ƒ๎ถ๎˜ƒ
CONTRIBUCIร“N DE AUTORES
๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ž๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™–๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎šฑ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘
๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™“๎™—๎™˜๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ ๎šฑ๎˜ƒ ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘
๎ถ๎˜ƒ๎ถ๎˜ƒ
BIBLIOGRAFรA
๎˜ค๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜น๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™’๎™๎™†๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™พ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎˜’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜’๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎˜’๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’
๎™‡๎™’๎™š๎™‘๎™๎™’๎™„๎™‡๎˜’๎˜œ๎˜š๎˜“๎˜›๎˜›๎˜’๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ด๎™–๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ฒ๎™๎™Œ๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™ธ๎™’๎˜๎˜ฉ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎›ˆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™น๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜“๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜—๎˜๎˜š๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™›๎˜‘๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜“๎˜™๎˜š๎˜’๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜š๎˜”๎˜š๎˜๎˜™๎˜™๎˜—๎˜–๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜™๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™œ๎™˜๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ด๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜™๎˜๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜’
๎™•๎™๎™†๎™‰๎˜‘๎™™๎˜œ๎™Œ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜“
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ผ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™š๎™’๎™•๎™Ž๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎˜“๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜’๎™ˆ๎™†๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™•๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎›ˆ๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎šฒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜’๎™‡๎˜”๎˜—๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜›
๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ด๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™Š๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜‘
๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜’๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜’๎˜š๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜˜๎™†๎™‰๎˜”๎˜“๎™‰๎˜™๎˜—๎˜”๎˜–๎˜“๎˜–๎˜—๎™‡๎™‰๎˜™๎˜•๎˜—๎™…๎˜™๎˜—๎˜˜๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜š
๎˜›๎˜œ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜ข๎™“๎™”๎˜๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ ๎™Š๎™–๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜‰๎™†๎™…๎™๎˜ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‰๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎˜ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™’๎™…๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™Œ๎™–๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜ฌ๎˜๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ท๎˜ฌ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘
๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎™„๎™†๎˜‘๎™†๎™•๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜”๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜’
๎˜ฌ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™‚๎™œ๎™‚๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™‚๎™—๎™Œ๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™‚๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‚๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜‘
๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜ข๎™–๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ ๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ช๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜
๎˜•๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜—๎˜™๎˜’๎™†๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎™™๎˜—๎˜”๎™‘๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ด๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™…๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™น๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ด๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™‹๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜—๎˜๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜’
๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™’๎˜ข๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ ๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜š๎˜™
๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™„๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™–๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ด๎™‘๎™–๎™˜๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ฉ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™’๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ด๎™’๎šด๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™ด๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™„๎šด๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™†๎˜‘๎™˜๎™“๎™•๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™†๎™˜๎˜’๎™๎™–๎™“๎™˜๎™Œ๎˜’๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜ง๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ท๎˜’๎˜•๎˜”๎˜š๎˜”๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™’๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™Œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜•๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜–๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™๎™–๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎˜•๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜œ๎˜—๎˜™๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™“๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™“๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜’๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜š๎˜–๎˜’๎™“๎™‘๎™„๎™–๎˜‘๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™˜๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎›ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ณ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜
๎˜ค๎™Š๎™˜๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ด๎™’๎˜ƒ๎›ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ด๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™œ๎™„๎™†๎™ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜–๎˜œ๎šฑ๎˜•๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜—๎˜™๎˜’๎™„๎™…๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜•๎˜›๎™‘๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‘๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™–๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎™„๎™•๎™Ž๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™–๎™‰๎™„๎™š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™—๎™‹๎™‘๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎™š๎™Œ๎™๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™—๎™‹๎™Œ๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™—๎™‹๎™‘๎™’๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™—๎™‹๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜’๎™–๎˜”๎˜–๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™„๎™†๎™Ž๎˜๎˜ฎ๎™‘๎™Œ๎šฟ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜™๎˜š๎˜›๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜™
๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™“๎™๎™’๎™—๎™๎™Œ๎™…๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜ง๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™“๎™‹๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™˜๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜’
๎˜ฐ๎˜ฆ๎˜ถ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜˜
๎˜ฌ๎™…๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ฉ๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜›๎˜–๎šฑ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™œ๎™†๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’
๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜’๎˜—๎˜“๎˜“๎˜’๎˜—๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜–๎˜•๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™‡๎™„๎™†๎™’๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎™ฐ๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™•๎™–๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™›๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™“๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜”๎˜๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜—๎˜š๎˜”๎˜›๎˜š๎˜’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‰๎˜‘
๎™™๎˜”๎™Œ๎˜–๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜š๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฝ๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™†๎™•๎™’๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜
๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™†๎™Œ๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™“๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™“๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™™๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘
๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜•๎˜”๎˜–๎˜•
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™น๎šฟ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎šณ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎šด๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ท๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ด๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ด๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™†๎˜‘๎™˜๎™“๎™•๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™†๎™˜๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎˜ง๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ท๎˜’๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜”๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™‚๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎›€๎™’๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™น๎šฟ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎šณ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™๎™’๎šด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜๎˜˜๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™†๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎™˜๎™“๎™•๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™†๎™˜๎˜’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜’๎™†๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜’๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜–๎˜œ
๎˜—๎˜”
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ฐ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™…๎™˜๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎šค๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™˜๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎šฟ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™–๎™„๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎šค๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™˜๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™†๎™’๎™๎™๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™˜๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘
๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜’๎™š๎™ˆ๎™…๎˜’๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜’๎˜š๎˜›
๎˜ญ๎™Œ๎™๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ฑ๎™˜๎™‘๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™ธ๎™Œ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™„๎™Š๎™‘๎™น๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™น๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜—๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜๎˜”๎˜“๎˜—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜’๎™…๎™๎™†๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜—๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜–๎˜š
๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‰๎™œ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ
๎™‘๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜’๎™ˆ๎™†๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜™๎˜š๎˜œ
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎™ธ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜—๎˜›๎˜–๎˜’๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎˜‘
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜‘๎™„๎˜“๎˜—
๎˜ฏ๎™’๎™๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎™™๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™’๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™†๎™˜๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™„๎™œ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฐ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜•๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎™–๎™„๎˜‘๎™†๎™•๎˜’๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜‘๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜ข๎™“๎™Œ๎™‡๎˜ ๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜—๎˜
๎˜š๎˜š๎˜—๎˜—๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜—๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‰๎™–๎™†๎™•๎™Œ๎™“๎™—๎˜ ๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎™‚๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™—๎™ˆ๎™›๎™—๎˜‰๎™˜๎™—๎™๎™‚
๎™–๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™—๎™Š๎™“๎™—๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜“๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™•๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™„๎™ธ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™พ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜ถ๎™„๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™•๎™˜๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™“๎™“๎˜‘๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™„๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™Š๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎˜ง๎˜ฒ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜˜๎˜๎˜š๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™•๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎˜’
๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™’๎˜ข๎™†๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™Š๎™’๎˜ ๎˜•๎˜•๎˜•๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜–
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜’
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜–
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™ด๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ฐ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜–๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜’
๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜–๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™–๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™†๎˜ช๎™’๎™š๎™„๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™˜๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™†๎™‹๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™„๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™•๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜–๎˜œ๎˜๎˜š๎˜™๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜š๎˜’๎™–๎˜”๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜”๎˜๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜˜๎˜˜๎˜๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ฉ๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™—๎˜ƒ๎™๎™˜๎™๎™ด๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™Š๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜๎˜–๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜—๎˜›๎˜–๎˜’๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎™๎™’๎™˜๎™•๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎˜‘
๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜‘๎™„๎˜“๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™•๎™“๎™‹๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™˜๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™•๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™‰๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™œ๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜™๎˜š๎˜๎˜›๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜—๎˜™๎˜’
๎™„๎™‘๎™‘๎™˜๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜›๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜—๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜
๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜™๎˜›๎˜•๎˜“๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™Œ๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜’๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜™๎˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜™
๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™‹๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‰๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™˜๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™•๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™•๎™ฉ๎™†๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™’๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™’๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘
๎˜ณ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‰๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™น๎™Š๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™Œ๎™’๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜›๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜š๎˜›๎˜๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎™œ๎˜‘๎™…๎™Œ๎™’
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜›
๎˜ต๎™„๎™๎™ด๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™˜๎™Œ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™œ๎™’๎™™๎™ด๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™’๎™–๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™น๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™˜๎™…๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜™๎˜œ๎˜
๎˜”๎˜›๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™†๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎™˜๎™“๎™•๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™†๎™˜๎˜’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜’๎™†๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜’
๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜’๎˜š๎˜—๎˜›
๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™†๎™Ž๎™๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™“๎™„๎™‘๎™œ๎˜‘
๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™™๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™•๎™ด๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜™๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜“๎˜˜๎˜
๎˜”๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™–๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™Š๎™˜๎™„๎˜‘๎™†๎™‘๎™˜๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎˜’๎™Œ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™›๎˜‘๎™“๎™‹๎™“๎˜’
๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜ฏ๎˜จ๎˜ต๎˜ค๎˜’๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™๎™ˆ๎˜’๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‘๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™—๎™’๎™‡๎™’๎™๎™’๎™Š๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎™‘๎™™๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™Š๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜๎˜™๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜–๎˜—๎˜’๎™•๎™Œ๎™‰๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜“๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜•
Bosques Latitud Cero 15(2): Julio - Diciembre, 2025
ISSNe: 2528-7818
Jimenez-Gonzรกlez, A., Buenaรฑo-Toapanta, M., Tapia-Zรบรฑiga, M., Garcรญa-Rodrรญguez, R. (2025). Diversidad ๎›€orรญstica en el
bosque seco tropical de El Retiro, parroquia El Anegado, cantรณn Jipijapa, provincia de Manabรญ, Ecuador. Bosques
Latitud Cero, 15(2), 30-42. https://doi.org/10.54753/blc.v15i2.2429
๎˜ต๎™˜๎™…๎™Œ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‡๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™˜๎™•๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™’๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™˜๎™—๎™น๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™˜๎˜‘๎™‡๎™Š๎™…๎˜‘๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎™๎™›๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎˜•๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜–๎˜–๎˜“๎˜’
๎˜ท๎˜จ๎˜ถ๎˜“๎˜”๎˜“๎˜“๎˜“๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜™๎˜š๎˜•๎˜’๎˜–๎˜’๎˜“๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜“๎˜™๎˜š๎˜•๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰
๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™†๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™ด๎™†๎™’๎™๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‹๎™„๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™“๎™๎™˜๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™…๎™„๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™—๎™Œ๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™๎™“๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™—๎™„๎™๎™น๎™•๎šฟ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™…๎™Œ๎™๎™ฉ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ง๎™’๎™†๎™—๎™’๎™•๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎™ˆ๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™—๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™•๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ด๎™’๎šด๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™ด๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™†๎™„๎šด๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™„๎™†๎™˜๎™๎™—๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™Š๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎™๎™ด๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™ˆ๎™“๎™„๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™–๎™—๎™˜๎™‡๎™Œ๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™•๎™†๎˜‘๎™˜๎™“๎™•๎˜‘
๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™˜๎˜‘๎™†๎™˜๎˜’๎™…๎™Œ๎™—๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™๎˜’๎˜ง๎˜ฌ๎˜ฆ๎˜ท๎˜’๎˜•๎˜”๎˜›๎˜˜๎˜’๎˜”๎˜’๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎˜ˆ๎˜ฆ๎˜–๎˜ˆ๎˜ค๎˜œ๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“
๎˜ถ๎˜ˆ๎˜ฆ๎˜–๎˜ˆ๎˜ค๎˜”๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ˆ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™‘๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™„๎˜‘๎™“๎™‡๎™‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ท๎™’๎™•๎™˜๎™ธ๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™•๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜จ๎™๎™Œ๎™๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ต๎™’๎™‡๎™•๎™ด๎™Š๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ด๎™˜๎™Œ๎™•๎™น๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™ด๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™’๎˜๎˜ฉ๎™๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ฐ๎™‘๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™’๎™•๎™”๎™˜๎™ด๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™น๎šฟ๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™•๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™˜๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™†๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™’๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฎ๎™˜๎™•๎™พ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜›๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎˜๎˜’๎˜’
๎™‡๎™›๎˜‘๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜›๎˜›๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜’๎™•๎™‰๎™๎™Ž๎˜‘๎™™๎˜•๎˜”๎™Œ๎˜—๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜“๎˜—๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™’๎™–๎™„๎˜๎˜ง๎™ด๎™„๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฏ๎™„๎™๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎›ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ณ๎™ฐ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™Œ๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™๎™Œ๎™‘๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™˜๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฒ๎™„๎™›๎™„๎™†๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎™ฐ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฅ๎™’๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜•๎˜‹๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜“๎˜œ๎˜–๎šฑ๎˜”๎˜”๎˜“๎˜›๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜š๎˜”๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜’๎™…๎™’๎™—๎™–๎™†๎™Œ๎˜‘๎˜–๎˜—๎˜œ๎˜“๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™„๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™’๎˜๎˜ฑ๎™’๎™…๎™๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™ด๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™’๎™œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฌ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™น๎™“๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™—๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™˜๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™–๎™„๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎™ˆ๎™•๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ
๎˜ถ๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™„๎™‘๎™’๎™‘๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜—๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™„๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™˜๎™†๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™๎™™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™‡๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™…๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‘๎™Œ๎™‰๎™’๎™๎™Œ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™„๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™’๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™ˆ๎™›๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™’๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜‹๎˜›๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜–๎˜–๎˜๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘
๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜’๎™•๎™๎™†๎™‰๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜˜๎™Œ๎˜›๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜—๎˜•๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜ท๎™•๎™Œ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™†๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ฉ๎™๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ฐ๎™ˆ๎™๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™’๎™•๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ฉ๎™๎™Œ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™‰๎™˜๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™†๎™„๎™•๎™…๎™’๎™‘๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™Œ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎™Œ๎™‘๎™’๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜—๎˜”๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜œ๎˜๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜—๎˜™๎˜’
๎™†๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎™Œ๎™„๎˜‘๎™™๎˜—๎˜”๎™‘๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜š๎˜”๎˜–๎˜“๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™„๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™’๎™–๎™–๎™˜๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™•๎™„๎™Ž๎™ˆ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜”๎˜œ๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™œ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜–๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™‰๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™˜๎™„๎™๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™’๎™—๎™—๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎˜ค๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™„๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ถ๎™“๎™„๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™†๎™–๎˜‘๎™“๎™œ๎™—๎™‹๎™’๎™‘๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜–๎˜’๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™ˆ๎™๎™ฉ๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™†๎™ฉ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™…๎™•๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฅ๎™„๎™๎™˜๎™•๎™—๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎™ด๎™–๎™—๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™˜๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎šฟ๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎™„๎™๎™’๎™๎™™๎™„๎™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™†๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™„๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎™…๎™„๎™๎™–๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™–๎™“๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™๎™„๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™‘๎™„๎™…๎™ด๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™†๎™˜๎™„๎™‡๎™’๎™•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ˆ๎™™๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™„๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ด๎šฟ๎™†๎™„๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜ฑ๎™„๎™—๎™˜๎™•๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™œ๎˜ƒ๎˜ค๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜”๎˜š๎˜‹๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ
๎˜—๎˜˜๎˜•๎˜๎˜—๎˜™๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜˜๎˜–๎˜˜๎˜œ๎˜”๎˜’๎™†๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎™™๎˜”๎˜š๎™Œ๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜”๎˜˜๎˜—๎˜ƒ
๎˜น๎™Œ๎™๎™๎™„๎™๎™’๎™…๎™’๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ซ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜“๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ณ๎™’๎™—๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™ˆ๎™•๎™„๎™†๎™Œ๎™น๎™‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™…๎™’๎™–๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™’๎™“๎™Œ๎™†๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™„๎˜ƒ๎™๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™๎™„๎™•๎™Š๎™’๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™˜๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™Š๎™•๎™„๎™‡๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎™–๎™˜๎™†๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™’๎™‘๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜น๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ต๎™ด๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™Š๎™‡๎™„๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™„๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜ฐ๎™„๎™–๎™—๎™ˆ๎™•๎šถ๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™—๎™‹๎™ˆ๎™–๎™Œ๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ธ๎™‘๎™Œ๎™™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™–๎™Œ๎™‡๎™„๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎˜ง๎™Œ๎™–๎™—๎™•๎™Œ๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ฉ๎™•๎™„๎™‘๎™†๎™Œ๎™–๎™†๎™’๎˜ƒ๎˜ญ๎™’๎™–๎™ฐ๎˜ƒ๎™‡๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฆ๎™„๎™๎™‡๎™„๎™–๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜ฆ๎™’๎™๎™’๎™๎™…๎™Œ๎™„๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™š๎™š๎™š๎˜‘๎™“๎™•๎™’๎™”๎™˜๎™ˆ๎™–๎™—๎˜‘๎™†๎™’๎™๎˜’
๎™’๎™“๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™š๎˜’๎™‡๎˜–๎™„๎˜—๎˜š๎™ˆ๎™‰๎˜š๎˜›๎˜š๎˜˜๎˜œ๎™‡๎˜”๎˜š๎™†๎˜š๎˜—๎˜”๎™‡๎™…๎˜•๎™†๎˜™๎˜•๎˜•๎˜–๎™„๎˜–๎˜š๎™‰๎™†๎˜’๎˜”๎˜ข
๎™“๎™”๎˜๎™’๎™•๎™Œ๎™Š๎™–๎™Œ๎™—๎™ˆ๎˜ ๎™Š๎™–๎™†๎™‹๎™’๎™๎™„๎™•๎˜‰๎™†๎™…๎™๎˜ ๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜™๎˜–๎˜™๎˜™๎˜‰๎™‡๎™Œ๎™–๎™–๎˜ ๎™œ๎˜ƒ
๎˜ฝ๎™‹๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ด๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฏ๎™Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜บ๎˜‘๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜‰๎˜ƒ๎˜ป๎™˜๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ช๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜‹๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜Œ๎˜‘๎˜ƒ๎˜จ๎™๎™ˆ๎™•๎™Š๎™Œ๎™‘๎™Š๎˜ƒ๎™—๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜ƒ
๎™Œ๎™‘๎˜ƒ๎™–๎™’๎™Œ๎™๎˜ƒ๎™•๎™ˆ๎™–๎™ˆ๎™„๎™•๎™†๎™‹๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜ฆ๎™‹๎™„๎™๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™Š๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜ƒ๎™„๎™‘๎™‡๎˜ƒ๎™’๎™“๎™“๎™’๎™•๎™—๎™˜๎™‘๎™Œ๎™—๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™–๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎˜จ๎™‘๎™™๎™Œ๎™•๎™’๎™‘๎™๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™—๎™„๎™๎˜ƒ๎˜ถ๎™†๎™Œ๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™†๎™ˆ๎˜ƒ๎˜ท๎™•๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™‡๎™–๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜–๎˜‹๎˜–๎˜Œ๎˜๎˜ƒ๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜๎˜–๎˜”๎˜•๎˜‘๎˜ƒ
๎™‹๎™—๎™—๎™“๎™–๎˜๎˜’๎˜’๎™‡๎™’๎™Œ๎˜‘๎™’๎™•๎™Š๎˜’๎˜”๎˜“๎˜‘๎˜”๎˜“๎˜”๎˜™๎˜’๎™๎˜‘๎™ˆ๎™‘๎™™๎™–๎™†๎™—๎™•๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜“๎˜•๎˜”๎˜‘๎˜•๎˜œ๎˜›๎˜–๎˜”๎˜•๎˜ƒ