e-ISSN: 1390-5902

CEDAMAZ, Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 94–110, Julio–Diciembre 2022

DOI: 10.54753/cedamaz.v12i2.1319

Vascular Flora of Dry Scrub in Southern Ecuador

Flora Vascular del Matorral seco del sur del Ecuador

Omar Cabrera-Cisneros1,*, Fani Tinitana1, Nixon Cumbicus1y Anibal Prina2

1Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Técnica Particular de

Loja, San Cayetano Alto, Calle París s/n, Casilla postal 11 01 608, Loja, Ecuador.

2Cátedra de Botánica,Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Nacional de La Pampa, Santa Rosa 6300. Casilla Postal 300, La Pampa,

Argentina, Programa Prometeo, SENESCYT, Ecuador.

*Autor para correspondencia: hocabrera@utpl.edu.ec

Fecha de recepción del manuscrito: 06/04/2022 Fecha de aceptación del manuscrito: 15/08/2022 Fecha de publicación: 29/12/2022

Abstract—This study lists dry scrub species that grow in western lowlands and interandean valleys in south Ecuador. Using material from

ﬁeld trips spanning over two years, we were able to identify 314 species belonging to 71 families and 221 genera. The most diverse families

are Asteraceae (33 spp.), Fabaceae s.l. (27 spp.) and Poaceae (19 spp.). The most diverse genera are Croton (8 spp.) Euphorbia (6 spp.),

Oxalis (5 spp.) and Senna (5 spp.). 7.01% of the ﬂora (22 spp.) is endemic to the study area, and 6.4% (20 spp.) is adventive. The dominant

life form is hemycryptophyte with 85 species (27.1%). Epiphytes, with 6 species, are the life form with fewer species (1.9 %). The work

contributes to the knowledge about plant diversity that is highly noticeable in southern Ecuador.

Keywords—Live forms, Loja, Andean valleys, Dry vegetation.

Resumen—Este estudio enumera las especies que conforman el matorral seco en las tierras bajas occidentales y los valles interandinos en

el sur de Ecuador. En un lapso de más de dos años, identiﬁcamos 314 especies pertenecientes a 71 familias y 221 géneros. Las familias más

diversas son Asteraceae (33 spp.), Fabaceae s.l. (27 spp.) y Poaceae (19 spp.). Los géneros más diversos son Croton (8 spp.), Euphorbia (6

spp.), Oxalis (5 spp.) y Senna (5 spp.). El 7,01% de la ﬂora (22 spp.) es endémica del área de estudio y el 6,4% (20 spp.) es adventicia.

La forma de vida dominante es la hemycryptophyte con 85 especies (27,1%). Las epíﬁtas, con 6 especies, son la forma de vida con menos

especies (1,9%). El trabajo aporta al conocimiento sobre la diversidad vegetal que es altamente notoria al sur del Ecuador.

Palabras clave—Formas vivas, Loja, Valles andinos, Vegetación seca.

INTRODUCTION

In continental America, there are different dry or seaso-

nally dry plant formations that grow sporadically all over

the region. According to Lopez et al. (2006), these forma-

tions contain high biological diversity, not only in species

richness but also in endemism and life forms. Arid and se-

miarid areas currently occupy almost two-ﬁfths of the total

global land surface area, and form the living space of more

than one billion people (Reynolds, 2001). The arid and semi-

arid ecosystems of the world are an ideal place to study eco-

logical adaptations such as intrinsic characteristics: deserti-

ﬁcation, biodiversity loss, and climate change. These are all

phenomena that affect particularly these ecosystems (Rey-

nolds and Stafford Smith, 2002). Seasonally dry plant for-

mations of the Equatorial Paciﬁc region are located in the

dry inter-valleys of northern Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador (Es-

pinosa et al., 2012; Pennington et al., 2000). These valleys

represent slightly less than 8% of continental Ecuador, and

occur mainly in its southern land, where the terrain is moun-

tainous. The vegetation is usually sparse, isolated, xerophy-

tic, and spiny. It also presents columnar cacti as Armatoce-

reus cartwrightianus (Britton & Rose) Backeb. ex A.W. Hill

and plants with latex as Croton wagneri Müll. Arg., Euphor-

bia laurifolia Juss. ex Lam., Jatropha nudicaulis Benth., and

Ipomoea carnea Jacq.

Few taxonomic studies have been conducted in areas

within Ecuadorian arid and semi-arid ecosystems, where

such vegetation develops. In the last ﬁve years, isolated ef-

forts have been made to document the ﬂoristic diversity in

the dry scrub of Loja and Azuay (the southern provinces),

but there are additional studies on the phenology and the dis-

tribution of many key species, the breeding methods, and the

current conservation status of species (Werner, 2009; Albuja,

2011). This lack of knowledge is accentuated by the conser-

vation status of such areas. For example, dry high areas in

the inter-Andean corridor, in general, have been subject to

human impact since the pre-hispanic era and are mostly af-

fected by human activities (Aguirre et al., 2006). The few

remnants of natural vegetation have received little attention

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0. 94

VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

from botanists and ecologists, thus making it difﬁcult to as-

sess their ecological importance. In addition, this vegetation

has traditionally been considered to contain few species with

low biodiversity and few plant life forms (La Torre-Cuadros

& Linares Palomino, 2008).

Moreover, there is a lack of research on the ﬂoristic aspects

of the dry scrubland of southern Ecuador. Although there are

surveys of vegetation cover (Aguirre et al., 2006; Lozano,

2002), there is a lack of data on the ﬂoristic and taxonomic

groups that reﬂect the total species diversity of this ecosys-

tem. On the other hand, shrub vegetation contributes to re-

ducing erosion, which is highlighted in these environments

(Gutierrez & Squeo, 2004). For example, the presence of spe-

cies of dry scrub correlate the conservation status and diver-

sity of the ecosystem with its functionality. Nevertheless, a

global study of arid lands around the world has shown that

species richness is the most important factor for ecosystems

facing global climate change (Maestre et al., 2012). To im-

prove our understanding of plant diversity in southern Ecua-

dor, our goal is to catalog all the existing species in the study

areas of dry land scrub, using literature records and extensive

ﬁeld trips.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Our list includes Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, and An-

giosperms. The collected ﬁeld data set were: habitats; bio-

topes; vegetative and reproductive characters; ﬂowers and

fruit samples. The collection of all ﬂowering and fruiting

species was carried out in different seasons (dry season sin-

ce May-September and rainy season since October- March)

and allowed us to observe the evolution of annual species.

Photographs were also taken of botanical specimens. The

geographical coordinates of the collection points were recor-

ded. All specimens were deposited in the UTPL Herbarium

(HUTPL) and a complete set of the collections will be depo-

sited in the LOJA Herbarium. In addition, the samples were

numbered under the serial number of the collection (O. Ca-

brera, A. Prina et al., 2012). We collected at least two sam-

ples of each species. For species with wide distribution, fer-

tile samples were collected from various locations. Botani-

cal specimens were collected through simple collections. The

collection sites are shown in Fig.1, some photographs of the

collection environment in the provinces of Azuay and Loja

are shown in ﬁgures 2 – 3.

The identiﬁcation of the collected samples was carried out

at the LOJA Herbarium and the HUTPL Herbarium. This

consisted of analyses of general ﬂoras, descriptions, mono-

graphs and data from online databases (Tropicos 2013; IP-

NI 2004 and Darwinion 2013) which provided information

about synonyms and distribution. The Fabaceae s.l. inclu-

des the three subfamilies (Mimosoidea, Caesalpinoidea and

Papilionoidea). Scientiﬁc names and authors were based on

Brummitt and Powell (1992). Status of taxa was based on

Jorgensen et al., (1999). When a species was determined and

was not cited for Ecuador according to Ulloa - Ulloa & Neill

(2005) and Neill & Ulloa - Ulloa (2011), it was considered

as a new taxonomic record. The taxa classiﬁcation was ca-

rried out based on Cronquist (1968) and the updating names

was carried out in the TROPICOS database, which is based

on the APG IV system (APG 2016).

Fig. 1: Location of collection sites.

Fig. 2: León river sector, provincial border between Azuay and

Loja.

Fig. 3: Plain dominated by Croton ssp. in the “Alamala” sector in

the Catamayo canton of Loja province.

Additional life history consisted of the following parame-

ters: A) Origin of the species: we considered three catego-

ries: native (Nat), introduced (Intr.) and endemic (End.). B)

Taxonomic and nomenclatural remarks. For all species we

did not use “synonyms”, except in exceptional cases where

there was some controversy and unresolved questions in the

literature C) Life Forms according to Raunkiaer (1934), C1)

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therophytes, C2) geophytes, C3) hemicryptophytes, C4) cha-

maephytes, C5) phanerophytes, C6) nanophanerophytes, C7)

vines, C8) epiphytes.

RESULTS

We identiﬁed a total of 314 species belonging to 71 fa-

milies and 221 genera. The most diverse botanical fami-

lies are: Asteraceae (33 species), Fabaceae s.l. (26 species),

Poaceae (19 species), Euphorbiaceae (18 species), Malva-

ceae (15 species), Convolvulaceae (13 species), Boragina-

ceae and Cactaceae (12 species), Verbenaceae (11 species),

Amaranthacae (8 species), Acanthaceae and Pteridaceae (7

species), Polygalaceae and Rubiaceae (6 species), Bigno-

niaceae, Lamiaceae, Nyctaginaceae, Oxalidaceae, Solana-

ceae and Sterculiaceae (5 species), Asclepiadaceae, Urtica-

ceae and Orchidaceae (4 species), Bromeliaceae, Cappara-

ceae, Caryophyllaceae, Iridaceae, Lythraceae, Onagraceae,

Passiﬂoraceae, Polygonaceae, Portulacaceae and Sapinda-

ceae (3 species), Aizoaceae, Apiaceae, Apocynaceae, Carica-

ceae, Commelinaceae, Cyperaceae, Piperaceae, Plantagina-

ceae, Scrophulariaceae and Zygophyllaceae (2 species). The

remaining families (28) each have a single species.

The most diverse genera is Croton (8 species); other di-

verse genera are: Euphorbia (6 species), Oxalis and Senna

with 5 species, Alternanthera, Ayenia, Heliotropium, Jac-

quemontia, Opuntia and Tournefortia with 4 species. Abu-

tilon, Armatocereus, Convolvulus, Cordia, Evolvulus, Ipo-

moea, Lantana, Onoseris, Passiﬂora, Polygala, Salvia and

Sida with 3 species. Aeschynomene, Aloysia, Amaranthus,

Baccharis, Barnadesia, Boerhavia, Bothriochloa, Caesalpi-

nia, Commelina, Cuphea, Eragrostis, Galium, Gaya, Mal-

vastrum, Mirabilis, Monnina, Nicotiana, Oenothera, Parony-

chia, Pellaea, Peperomia, Phyla, Pilea, Plantago, Rhyncho-

sia, Sisyrinchium, Stachystarpheta, Talinum, Tecoma, Ti-

llandsia, Vasconcellea, with 2 species. The remaining 168

genera have only one species each (Table 1.)

VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

Tabla 1: Species list from dry scrub of southern Ecuador.

FAMILY/SPECIES LIFE-FORM EXAMINED MATERIAL Origen

LYCOPODIACEAE

Lycopodium thyoides Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Willd. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera 1540 HUTPL Native

PTERIDACEAE

Cheilanthes bonariensis (Willd.) Proctor Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 538 HUTPL Native

Notholaena sulphurea (Cav.) J. Sm. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 45, 483, 722 HUTPL Native

Pellaea sagittata (Cav.) Link Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 980 HUTPL Native

Pellaea ternifolia (Cav.) Link. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 211, 223 HUTPL Native

Pityrogramma calomelanos (L.) Link Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 458 HUTPL Native

Pteris coriacea Desv. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 572 HUTPL Native

Trachypteris inducta (Maxon) R.M. Tryon & A.F. Tryon Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 265, 755 HUTPL Native

SCHIZAEACEAE

Anemia ferruginea Kunth Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 213 HUTPL Native

EPHEDRACEAE

Ephedra americana Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 229 HUTPL Native

ACANTHACEAE

Blechum pyramidatum (Lam.) Urb. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 780 HUTPL Native

Dicliptera pilosa Kunth. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 220, 314 HUTPL Endemic

Dyschoriste quitensis (Kunth) Kuntze Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 10, 585, 673 HUTPL Native

Justicia carthaginensis Jacq. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 663, 669 HUTPL Native

Ruellia geminiﬂora Kunth Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 639, 649, 733 HUTPL Native

Stenandrium dulce (Cav.) Ness Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1002 HUTPL Native

Tetramerium nervosum Ness Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 360, 713 HUTPL Native

AIZOACEAE

Aptenia cordifolia (L. f.) Schwantes Pterophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1051 HUTPL Introduced

Trianthema portulacastrum L. Pterophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 574, 694 HUTPL Native

AMARANTHACEAE

Achyranthes aspera L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 178 HUTPL Native

Alternanthera brasiliana (L.) Kuntze Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 604 HUTPL Native

Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze var. porrigens (Jacq.) Kuntze Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 22, 71, 681 HUTPL Native

Alternanthera pubiﬂora (Benth.) Kuntze Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 344 HUTPL Native

Alternanthera pungens Kunth Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 439 HUTPL Native

Amaranthus hybridus L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 170 HUTPL Native

Amaranthus viridis L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 170 HUTPL Native

Iresine diffusa Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 375 HUTPL Native

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Phaedranassa cinerea Ravenna Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 366 HUTPL Endemic

ANACARDIACEAE

Loxopterygium huasango Spruce ex Engl. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 49 HUTPL Native

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APIACEAE

Arracacia equatorialis Constance Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 157 HUTPL Native

Niphogeton ternata (Willd. ex Schltr.) Matias & Constance Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 100 HUTPL Native

APOCYNACEAE

Prestonia mollis Kunth Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 61, 317, 716 HUTPL Native

Rauvolﬁa tetraphylla L. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 609 HUTPL Native

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Ditassa endolueca Schlrt. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 442, 446, 495, 500 HUTPL Native

Macroscepis hirsuta (Vahl) Schltr. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 382, HUTPL Native

Marsdenia cundurango Rchb. f. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 319, 358 HUTPL Native

Sarcostemma solanoides (Kunth) Decne. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 21, 36, 88, 411, 680 HUTPL Native

ASTERACEAE

Baccharis salicifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera 1506 HUTPL Native

Baccharis sternbergiana Steud. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 517 HUTPL Native

Barnadesia aculeata (Benth.) I Chung Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 944 HUTPL Endemic

Barnadesia arborea Kunth Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 662 HUTPL Native

Bidens pilosa L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 152 HUTPL Native

Cacosmia rugosa Kunth Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 110 HUTPL Native

Centratherum punctatum Cass. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 14 HUTPL Native

Chromolaena roseorum (B.L. Rob.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 57 HUTPL Native

Cotula coronopifolia L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 591 HUTPL Introduced

Delilia biﬂora (L.) Kuntze Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 193 HUTPL Native

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 428 HUTPL Introduced

Flaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntze Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 963 HUTPL Native

Fulcaldea laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. ex Less. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 185 HUTPL Endemic

Galinsoga parviﬂora Cav. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 128 HUTPL Native

Gamochaeta americana (Mill.) Wedd. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 536 HUTPL Native

Heterosperma diversifolium Kunth Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 29, 202 HUTPL Native

Lagascea mollis Cav. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 208, 712 HUTPL Native

Onoseris albicans (D. Don) Ferreyra Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 224 HUTPL Native

Onoseris salicifolia Kunth Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 253, 579 HUTPL Endemic

Onoseris speciosa Kunth Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1007 HUTPL Native

Ophryosporus peruvianus (J.G. Gmel.) R.M. King & H. Rob. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 777 HUTPL Native

Parthenium hysterophorus L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 77 HUTPL Native

Perymenium jelskii (Hieron.) S. F. Blake Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 93 HUTPL Native

Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 54, 697 HUTPL Native

Schkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 18, 172 HUTPL Native

Stevia bertholdii B. L. Rob. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 260 HUTPL Native

Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 440 HUTPL Native

Trichocline peruviana Hieron. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 212 HUTPL Native

VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

Verbesina lloensis Hieron. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 2, 121, 643 HUTPL Native

Viguiera incana (Pers.) S. F. Blake Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 6 HUTPL Endemic

Wedelia helianthoides Kunth Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 217 HUTPL Native

Zinnia peruviana (L.) L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 368 HUTPL Native

BASELLACEAE

Anredera baselloides (Kunth) Baill. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 393 HUTPL Native

BERBERIDACEAE

Berberis englerianaC. K. Schneid. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 540 HUTPL Native

BIGNONIACEAE

Amphilophium paniculatum (L.) Kunth Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 611 HUTPL Native

Delostoma integrifolium D. Don Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 946 HUTPL Native

Mansoa hymenaea (DC.) A. H. Gentry Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 361 HUTPL Native

Tecoma castaneifolia (D. Don) Melch. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 306 HUTPL Native

Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 367 HUTPL Native

BORAGINACEAE

Cordia cylindrostachya (Ruiz & Pav.) Roem & Schult. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 899 HUTPL Native

Cordia lutea Lam. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 415 HUTPL Native

Cordia scaberrima Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 569 HUTPL Native

Heliotropium angiospermum Murray Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 566 HUTPL Native

Heliotropium argenteum Lehm. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 24, 696 HUTPL Endemic

Heliotropium indicum L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 65 HUTPL Introduced

Heliotropium ruﬁpilum (Benth.) I.M. Johnst. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 97 HUTPL Native

Tournefortia chinchensis Killip Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 368, 456 HUTPL Native

Tournefortia hirsutissima L. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 438 HUTPL Native

Tournefortia microcalyx (Ruiz & Pav.) I.M. Johnst. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 600 HUTPL Native

Tournefortia polystachia Ruiz & Pav. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 665 HUTPL Native

Varronia globosa Jacq. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 860 HUTPL Native

BRASSICACEAE

Lepidium bipinnatiﬁdum Desv. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 865 HUTPL Native

BROMELIACEAE

Puya lanata (Kunth) Schult. f. Epiphyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 214 HUTPL Native

Tillandsia spiralipetala Gouda Epiphyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 59, 82 HUTPL Native

Tillandsia straminea Kunth Epiphyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 337 HUTPL Native

BURSERACEAE

Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana y Planch. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 630 HUTPL Native

CACTACEAE

Armatocereus brevispinus Madsen Nanophanerophyte J.E. Madsen 75217, AAU, LOJA Endemic

Armatocereus cartwrightianus (Britton & Rose) Backeb. ex A.W. Hill Nanophanerophyte J.E. Madsen 7343 AAU, LOJA Native

Armatocereus matucanensis Backeb. ex. A.W. Hill Nanophanerophyte J.E. Madsen 86074 AAU, LOJA Native

Cleistocactus icosagonus (Kunth) F.A.C. Weber Chamaephyte J.E. Madsen 50225 AAU, LOJA Native

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Cylindropuntia tunicata (Lehm.) F.M. Knuth Nanophanerophyte C.R. Loayza 99 HUTPL Native

Espostoa lanata (Kunth) Britton & Rose Nanophanerophyte J. E. Madsen 36825 AAU, LOJA Native

Hylocereus polyrhizus (F.A.C. Weber) Britton & Rose Epiphyte J. E. Madsen 61161 AAU; LOJA Native

Melocactus bellavistensis Rauh & Backeb. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera 1549 HUTPL Native

Opuntia cylindrica (Lam.) DC. Chamaephyte J.E. Madsen 36791, AAU, LOJA Native

Opuntia ﬁcus-indica (L.) Mill. Nanophanerophyte J. E. Madsen 36819 AAU, LOJA Introduced

Opuntia pubescens J. C. Wendl. ex Pfeiff. Chamaephyte J. E. Madsen 36821, AAU, LOJA Native

Opuntia quitensis F.A.C. Weber Nanophanerophyte J.E. Madsen 36820, AAU, LOJA Native

CAPPARACEAE

Beautempsia avicennifolia (Kunth) Gaudich Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 414 HUTPL Native

Colicodendron scabridum (Kunt) Seem. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 648 b HUTPL Native

Cynophalla mollis (Kunth) J. Presl. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 648 HUTPL Native

CARICACEAE

Vasconcellea candicans A. Gray Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 397 HUTPL Native

Vasconcellea parviﬂora (A. DC.) Solms Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 53, 083, 106 HUTPL Native

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

Paronychia communis Cambess. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 231B, 445, 529, 541 HUTPL Native

Paronychia communis Cambess. var. subglabra Chodat et Hassl. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 117 HUTPL Native

Stellaria media (L.) Vill. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 190 HUTPL Native

CLUSIACEAE

Vismia lauriformis (Lam.) Choisy Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 608 HUTPL Native

COMMELINACEAE

Commelina difusa Burm. f. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 52, 112, 158, 381, 707 HUTPL Native

Commelina erecta L. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera, A. Prina 513 HUTPL Native

CONVOLVULACEAE

Convolvulus hermanniae L‘Herit Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 67 HUTPL Native

Convolvulus nodiﬂorus Desr. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 519 HUTPL Native

Convolvulus siculus L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 171 HUTPL Introduced

Evolvulus argyreus Choisy Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 486, 515 HUTPL Native

Evolvulus convolvuloides (Willd. ex Schult.) Stearn Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 432 HUTPL Native

Evolvulus sericeus Sw. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 3, 30, 31, 44, 410 670 HUTPL Native

Ipomoea carnea Jacq. Nanophanerophyte B. Mac Bryde 317 MO, LOJA Native

Ipomoea nil (L.) Roth Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 894 HUTPL Native

Ipomoea turbinata Lag. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 990 HUTPL Native

Jacquemontia elegans Helwig Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 51, 72, 422, 718, 734 HUTPL Native

Jacquemontia ﬂoribunda (Kunth) Hallier f. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 878 HUTPL Native

Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L.) Griseb. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 91 HUTPL Native

Jacquemontia weberbaueri Helwing Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 578 HUTPL Native

CUCURBITACEAE

Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach Vine O. Cabrera 1509 HUTPL Introduced

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VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

CYPERACEAE

Cyperus aggregatus (Willd.) Endl. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 124, 453 HUTPL Native

Eleocharis acicularis (L.) Roem. & Schult. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 530 HUTPL Native

EUPHORBIACEAE

Cnidosculus urens (L.) Arthur Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 74, 315 HUTPL Native

Croton alnifolius Lam. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 646 HUTPL Native

Croton eggersii Pax Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 615 HUTPL Native

Croton elegans Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 576 HUTPL Endemic

Croton pycnanthus Benth. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 546 HUTPL Endemic

Croton rivinifolius Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 321 HUTPL Endemic

Croton ruizianus Müll. Arg. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 218 HUTPL Native

Croton ruizianus var. podadenius Müll. Arg. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 847 HUTPL Native

Croton wagneri Müll. Arg. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera 1527. O. Cabrera y A. Prina 75 HUTPL Endemic

Dalechampia scandens L. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 47, 109, 359 HUTPL Native

Euphorbia hirta L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 206, 231,377, 433 HUTPL Native

Euphorbia hypericifolia L.. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 17 HUTPL Native

Euphorbia lasiocarpa (Klotzsch) Arthur Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 671 HUTPL Native

Euphorbia thymifolia L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 43 HUTPL Native

Euphorbia weberbauerii Mansf. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 60, 81, 87, 496, 705 HUTPL Native

Jatropha nudicaulis Benth. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera 1516. O Cabrera y A. Prina 365 HUTPL Endemic

Tragia volubilis L. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 781 HUTPL Native

FABACEAE s.l.

Acacia macracantha Humb. & Bonpl. ex. Willd. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 27 HUTPL Native

Aeschynomene scoparia Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 62, 772 HUTPL Native

Aeschynomene villosa Poir. Nanophanerophyte W. Lewis 2197, LOJA, MO Native

Bauhinia augusti Harms Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 316 HUTPL Native

Caesalpinia glabrata Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 631 HUTPL Native

Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 303 HUTPL Native

Calliandra taxifolia (Kunth) Benth. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 108 HUTPL Native

Centrosema virginianum (L.) Benth. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 785 HUTPL Native

Chamaechrista glandulosa (L.) Greene Nanophanerophyte J. E. Madsen 7889 LOJA Native

Cercidium praecox (Ruiz & Pav.) Harms Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 130 HUTPL Native

Clitoria ternatea L. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 708 HUTPL Introduced

Cyathostegia mathewsii (Benth.) Schery Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera 1514. O. Cabrera y A. Prina 339 HUTPL Native

Desmodium vargasianum B.G. Schub. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 941 HUTPL Native

Lupinus pubescens Benth. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 846 HUTPL Native

Macroptilium atropurpureum DC. Urb. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 915 HUTPL Native

Mimosa loxensis Barneby Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera 1503 HUTPL Endemic

Piptadenia ﬂava (Spreng. ex DC.) Benth. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 779 HUTPL Native

Rhynchosia reticulata (Sw.) DC. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 537 HUTPL Native

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Rhynchosia senna Gillies ex Hook. & Arn. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 284 HUTPL Native

Senna bicapsularis (L.) Roxb. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 704 HUTPL Native

Senna huancabambae (Harms) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 553 HUTPL Native

Senna incarnata (Pav. ex Benth.) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera 1523 HUTPL Native

Senna mollissima (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 706 HUTPL Native

Senna pistaciifolia (Kunth) H.S. Irwin & Barneby Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 521, 747 HUTPL Native

Stylosanthes scabra Voguel Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 7, 34, 448, 506 HUTPL Native

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 205 HUTPL Native

Zornia reticulata Sm. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1046 HUTPL Native

GENTIANACEAE

Cicendia quadrangularis (Lam.) Griseb. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 246 HUTPL Native

GERANIACEAE

Erodium cicutarum (L.) L‘Her. ex Aiton Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 235 HUTPL Introduced

GESNERIACEAE

Heppiella ulmifolia (Kunth) Hanst. Nanophanerophyte O Cabrera y A. Prina 162 HUTPL Native

IRIDACEAE

Ennealophus foliosus (Kunth) Ravenna Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 928 HUTPL Native

Sisyrinchium caespitiﬁcum Kraenzl. Geophyte O Cabrera y A. Prina 544 HUTPL Native

Sisyrinchium iridifolium Kunth Geophyte O Cabrera y A. Prina 539 HUTPL Native

KRAMERIACEAE

Krameria lappacea (Dombey) Burdet & B. B. Simpson Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 270, 490, 514 HUTPL Native

LAMIACEAE

Hyptis eriocephala Benth. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 165, 690 HUTPL Native

Salvia coccinea Buc´hoz ex. Etl. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 721 HUTPL Introduced

Salvia squalens H.B.K. Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 144, 258, 305 HUTPL Native

Salvia tiliifolia Vahl Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 323 HUTPL Introduced

Scutellaria volubilis Kunth Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 179 HUTPL Native

LOASACEAE

Mentzelia fendleriana Urb. & Gilg Hemycryptrophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 719 HUTPL Native

LORANTHACEAE

Struthanthus ﬂexilis (Rusby) Kuijt Epyphyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 641 HUTPL Native

LYTHRACEAE

Adenaria ﬂoribunda Kunth Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 997 HUTPL Native

Cuphea ciliata Ruiz & Pav. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 236 HUTPL Native

Cuphea racemosa (L.f.) Spreng. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 374 HUTPL Native

MALPIGHIACEAE

Heteropterys brachiata (L.) DC. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 188 HUTPL Native

MALVACEAE

Abutilon pubistamineum Ulbr. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1048 HUTPL Native

Abutilon umbellatum (L.) Sweet Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 56 HUTPL Native

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VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

Abutilon virgatum (Cav.) Sweet Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 196 HUTPL Native

Anoda cristata (L.) Schltdl. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1019, 1028 HUTPL Native

Gaya calyptrata (Cav.) Kunth ex Schum. Chamaephyte J. E. Madsen 75030 AAU; QCA, LOJA Native

Gaya gaudichaidiana A. St. Hil Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 264 HUTPL Native

Herissantia crispa (L.) Brizicky Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 692 HUTPL Native

Hibiscus escobariae Fryxell Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 424 HUTPL Endemic

Malvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garcke Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 204 HUTPL Native

Malvastrum tomentosum (L.) S.R.Hill Chamaephyte O. Cabrera 1518 HUTPL Native

Pavonia sepium A. St.-Hil. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 16, 39, 68, 96, 485, 674 HUTPL Native

Sida acuta Burm f. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 732 HUTPL Native

Sida cordifolia L. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1032 HUTPL Native

Sida poeppigiana (K. Schum.) Fryxell Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 324 HUTPL Native

Wissadula diffusa R. E. Fr. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 482 HUTPL Endemic

MENISPERMACEAE

Cissampelos tropaeolifolia DC. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 809 HUTPL

MOLLUGINACEAE

Mollugo verticillata L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 617 HUTPL Native

NYCTAGINACEAE

Boerhavia diffusa L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 73, 475 HUTPL Native

Boerhavia erecta L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 616 HUTPL Native

Bougainvillea peruviana Bonpl. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 638 HUTPL Introduced

Mirabilis violacea (L.) Heimerl. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 28 HUTPL Native

Mirabilis viscosa Cav. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 102, 266, 556, 619 HUTPL Native

ONAGRACEAE

Ludwigia peruviana (L.) H. Hara Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 778 HUTPL Native

Oenothera pubescens Willd. ex Spreng. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 256, 557, 848 HUTPL Native

Oenotera rosea L´Her. ex. Aiton Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 947 HUTPL Native

ORCHYDACEAE

Encyclia aspera (Lindl.)Schltr. Epyphyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 832 HUTPL Native

Malaxis andicola (Ridl.) Kuntze Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 551 HUTPL Native

Porphyrostachys pilífera (Kunth) Rchb. f. Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 136, 710 HUTPL Native

Trichoceros onaensis Christenson Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 982 HUTPL Native

OXALIDACEAE

Oxalis articulata Savigny Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 379 HUTPL Native

Oxalis elegans Kunth Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 155, 176, 209 HUTPL Native

Oxalis microcarpa Benth Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 588 HUTPL Native

Oxalis peduncularis Kunth Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 498, 660 HUTPL Native

Oxalis psoraleoides Kunth Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 156, 352, 463 HUTPL Native

PASSIFLORACEAE

Passiﬂora capsularis L. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 895 HUTPL Native

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Passiﬂora foetida L. Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 363 HUTPL Native

Passiﬂora sanguinolenta Mast. & Linden Vine O. Cabrera y A. Prina 907 HUTPL Native

PHYTOLACCACEAE

Phytolacca dioica L. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 437 HUTPL Native

PIPERACEAE

Peperomia galioides Kunth Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 497 HUTPL Native

Peperomia peltigera C.DC. Geophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 46,304, 717 HUTPL Native

PLANTAGINACEAE

Plantago afra L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 262 HUTPL Introduced

Plantago myosorus Lam. Hemycryptophye O. Cabrera y A. Prina 216 HUTPL Introduced

PLUMBAGINACEAE

Plumbago scandens L. Hemycryptophye O. Cabrera y A. Prina 874 HUTPL Native

POACEAE

Aristida schiedeana Trin. & Rupr. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 543 HUTPL Native

Bothriochloa barbinodis (Lag.) Herter Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 542 HUTPL Native

Bothriochloa saccharoides (Sw.) Rydb. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 251, 502 HUTPL Native

Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 122 HUTPL Native

Eragrostis mexicana (Hornem.) Link Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 129, 174 HUTPL Native

Eragrostis nigricans (Kunth) Steud Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 174b HUTPL Native

Homolepis aturensis (Kunth) Chase Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 164 HUTPL Native

Microchloa kunthii Desv. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 550 HUTPL Native

Nasella mucronata (Kunth) R. W. Pohl Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 175 HUTPL Native

Oplismenus hirtellus (L.) P. Beauv. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 160 HUTPL Native

Pappophorum pappiferum (Lam.) Kuntze Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 325 HUTPL Native

Paspalum lividum Trin ex. Schltdl. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 241 HUTPL Native

Piptochaetium montevidense (Spreng.) Parodi Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 243 HUTPL Native

Schizachyrium tenerum Ness Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 242 HUTPL Native

Sporobolus purpurascens (Sw.) Ham. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 244, 248, 532 HUTPL Native

Trachipogon plumosus (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd.) Nees Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera 1521 HUTPL Native

Tragus berteronianus Schult. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 4, 38, 137, 294, 693 HUTPL Introduced

Trichloris pluriﬂora E. Fourn. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 163 HUTPL Native

Tripogon nicorae Rugolo & A. S. Vega Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 247 HUTPL Native

POLEMONIACEAE

Cantua quercifolia Juss. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 225 HUTPL Native

POLYGALACEAE

Monnina celastroides (Bonpl.) Chodat Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 450 HUTPL Native

Monnina sandemanii Ferreyra Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 528 HUTPL Native

Polygala paniculata L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 167, 687 HUTPL Native

Polygala platycarpa Benth. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1049 HUTPL Native

Polygala violacea Aubl. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 387, HUTPL Native

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VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

Pteromonnina leptostachya (Benth.) B. Eriksen Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1, 385 HUTPL Native

POLYGONACEAE

Rumex pulcher L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 228, HUTPL Introduced

Ruprechtia jamesonii Meisn. Phanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 629, 645 HUTPL Native

PORTULACACEAE

Portulacca oleraceae L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 140, 622 HUTPL Native

Talinum fruticosum (L.) A. Juss. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 177 HUTPL Native

Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 481 HUTPL Native

PRIMULACEAE

Anagallis arvensis L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 257, 280, 281 HUTPL Native

RHAMNACEAE

Gouania lupuloides (L.) Urb. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 476 HUTPL Native

RUBIACEAE

Arcytophyllum thymifolium (Ruiz & Pav.) Standl. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina139, 227 HUTPL Native

Borreria asurgens (Ruiz & Pav.) Griseb. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 116, 267, 555 HUTPL Native

Galium ecuadoricum Dempster Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 143 HUTPL Endemic

Galium fosbergii Dempster Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 488 HUTPL Endemic

Spermacoce postrata Aubl. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 443 HUTPL Native

SAPINDACEAE

Dodonaea viscosa Jacq. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 226 HUTPL Native

Llagunoa nítida Ruiz & Pav. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 573 HUTPL Native

Serjania paniculata Kunth Liana O. Cabrera y A. Prina 520 HUTPL Native

SCROPHULARIACEAE

Alonsoa meridionalis (L.f.) Kuntze Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 562 HUTPL Native

Stemmodia durantifolia (L.) Sw. Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 132 HUTPL Native

SOLANACEAE

Iochroma cyaneum (Lindl.) G.H.M. Lawr. & J.M. Tucker Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 187 HUTPL Native

Lycianthes lycioides (L.) Hassl. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 9, 70, 525 HUTPL Native

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 85, 287 HUTPL Introduced

Nicotiana glutinosa L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 50, 308, 474 HUTPL Native

Nicotiana plumbaginifolia Viv. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 983 HUTPL Native

STERCULIACEAE

Ayenia eliae Cristobal Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 819,820 HUTPL Native

Ayenia erecta Mart. ex K. Schum Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 150, 510, 732, 756 HUTPL Native

Ayenia jussieuii Cristobal Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 19, 55, 581, 677, 971 HUTPL Native

Ayenia o´donell Cristobal Hemycryptophyte F. Tinitana 1540 HUTPL Native

Bittneria aculeata (Jacq.) Jacq. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 691 HUTPL Native

TURNERACEAE

Turnera scabra Millsp. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 1043 HUTPL Native

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ULMACEAE

Celtis iguanaea (Jacq) Sarg. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 603 HUTPL Native

URTICACEAE

Pilea microphylla (L.) Liebm. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 494, 580, 715 HUTPL Native

Pilea serpyllacea (Kunth) Liebm. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 238, 245 HUTPL Native

Pouzolzia occidentalis (Liebm.) Wedd. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 245, 512 HUTPL Native

Urtica urens L. Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 153 HUTPL Introduced

VERBENACEAE

Aloysia leptophylla Loes. &. Moldenke Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 565 HUTPL Native

Aloysia scorodonioides (Kunth) Cham. Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 152 HUTPL Native

Duranta dombeyana Moldenke Nanophanerophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 656 HUTPL Native

Glandularia laciniata (L.) Schnack & Covas Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 259 HUTPL Native

Lantana canescens Kunth Chamaephyte O. Cabrera 1502. O. Cabrera y A. Prina 20 HUTPL Native

Lantana reptans Hayek Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 125, 534, 632 HUTPL Native

Lantana velutina M. Martens & Galeotti Chamaephyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 667 HUTPL Native

Phyla betulaefolia (Kunth) Greene Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 169 HUTPL Native

Phyla strigulosa (M. Martens & Galeotti) Moldenke Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 610 HUTPL Native

Stachystarpheta steyermarkii Moldenke Hemycryptophyte O Cabrera y A. Prina 362 HUTPL Endemic

Stachystarpheta straminea Moldenke Hemycryptophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 371, 606 HUTPL Native

ZYGOPHYLLACEAE

Kallstroemia parviﬂora Norton Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 408, 583, 621 HUTPL Introduced

Tribulus terrestris L. Therophyte O. Cabrera y A. Prina 25, 63, 90, 201, HUTPL Introduced

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VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

The dominant life form in areas of dry scrub is Hemycry-

ptophyte with 85 species. Epiphyte is the life form with fewer

species (6). The remaining species are included in determi-

ned life forms (Table 2).

Tabla 2: Life forms of dry scrub species in south Ecuador.

LIFE FORM SPECIES

Hemycryptophyte 85

Nanophanerophyte 67

Therophyte 56

Chamaephyte 46

Vine 29

Phanerophyte 13

Geophyte 12

Epyphyte 6

Total 314

Fig. 4: Species for liveforms determined in dry scrub of Souther

Ecuador.

Among the 314 species identiﬁed, 22 species are ende-

mic; this represents 7.01% of the total. Croton wagneri Müll

Arg., Viguiera incana (Pers.) S. F., Wissadula diffusa E. R.

Fr. and Phaedranassa cinerea Ravenna are endemic to Ecua-

dor. Dicliptera pilosa Kunth, Mimosa loxensis Barneby, Ar-

matocereus brevispinus Madsen and Stachystarpheta steryer-

markii Moldenke, are endemic to Loja province. Fulcaldea

laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. ex Less, Croton eggersii Pax, Cro-

ton rivinifolius Kunth and Hibiscus escobariae Fryxell are

endemic to the Coast. Croton elegans Kunth, Croton py-

cnanthus Benth, Galium ecuadoricum Dempster, Galium fos-

bergii Dempster, Heliotropium argenteum Lehm, Monnina

celastroides (Bonpl.) Chodat, Onoseris salicifolia Kunth and

Stevia bertholdii B. L. Rob are endemic to the Andes in Ecua-

dor. Jatropha nudicaulis Benth. was recorded as endemic to

Azuay province, so it is a new record for Loja (Table 3). The

remaining species are introduced and native (Table 4).

DISCUSSION

Seasonally dry scrub ecosystems have traditionally been

considered as being degraded, containing low plant biodiver-

sity, and being structurally homogeneous, nevertheless obtai-

ned results conﬁgure a different vision (La Torre-Cuadros &

Linares-Palomino, 2008). The disparity in knowledge of the

ﬂoras in different regions of the world implies that research

has been exhaustive in selected places. On the other hand, in

arid and semi-arid areas there is a lack of data with respect to

Tabla 3: Life forms of endemic species of dry scrub of Southern

Ecuador.

Endemic species Ch G H N P T V Conservation

Status

Armatocereus brevispinus Madsen 1Critically Endangered

Barnadesia aculeata (Benth.) I Chung 1 Vulnerable

Croton eggersii Pax 1 Endangered

Croton elegans Kunth 1 Low Concern

Croton pycnanthus Benth. 1 Near Threatened

Croton rivinifolius Kunth 1 Endangered

Croton wagneri Mull. Arg. 1 Near Threatened

Dicliptera pilosa Kunth. 1 Vulnerable

Fulcaldea laurifolia (Bonpl.) Poir. 1 Low Concern

Galium ecuadoricum Dempster 1 Endangered

Galium fosbergii Dempster 1 Endangered

Heliotropium argenteum Lehm 1 Vulnerable

Hibiscus escobariae Fryxell 1 Near Threatened

Jatropha nudicaulis Benth. 1 Low Concern

Mimosa loxensis Barneby 1 Endangered

Monnina celastroides (Bonpl.) Chodat 1 Vulnerable

Onoseris salicifolia Kunth 1 Low Concern

Phaedranassa cinerea Ravenna 1 Vulnerable

Stachystarpheta steyermarkii Moldenke 1 Vulnerable

Stevia bertholdii B. L. Rob. 1 Vulnerable

Viguiera incana (Pers.) S. F. Blake 1 Low Concern

Wissadula difusa E.R. Fr. 1 Endangered

Ch= Chamaephyte, G= Geophyte, H= Hemycryptophyte, N=

Nanophanerophyte, P= Phanerophyte, T= Therophyte, V= Vine.

Tabla 4: Life forms of introduced species of dry scrub of Southern

Ecuador.

Introduced species Ch G H N P T V

Aptenia cordifolia ((L. f.) Schwantes 1

Bougainvillea peruviana Bonpl. 1

Clitoria ternatea L. 1

Convolvulus siculus L. 1

Cotula coronopifolia L 1

Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex. Spach 1

Emilia sonchifolia (L.) DC. 1

Erodium cicutariun (L.) L‘Her. ex Aiton 1

Heliotropium indicum L. 1

Kallstroemia parviﬂora Norton 1

Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. 1

Opuntia ﬁcus-indica (L.) Mill. 1

Plantago afra L. 1

Plantago myosorus Lam 1

Rumex pulcher L. 1

Salvia coccinea Etl. 1

Salvia tiliifolia Vahl 1

Tragus berteronianus Schult. 1

Tribulus terrestris L. 1

Urtica urens L. 1

Ch= Chamaephyte, G= Geophyte, H= Hemycryptophyte, N=

Nanophanerophyte, P= Phanerophyte, T= Therophyte, V= Vine.

the ﬂoristic knowledge of species. Often, this bias is due to

the false assumption that there exists “less biological diver-

sity”, or that the “drylands are less susceptible to deteriora-

tion than tropical forests” (Prina & Alfonso, 2002). However,

as our study indicates, this may not always necessarily be the

case.

In Ecuador, the dry scrub occurs in valleys and along slo-

pes where evergreen tree species, shrubs, herbs, and seaso-

nal epiphytes grow. The seasonal plant group provides many

species of the total ﬂora in the scrub. Vegetation can be

prickly but does not dominate the area. According to Sie-

rra et al., (1999) this vegetation type is found in the northern

sub-region in the Andean valleys of Chota, Guayllabamba,

Patate, Yunguilla-Jubones. The above cited authors propo-

se as typical species Opuntia pubescens J. C. Wendl. ex.

Pfeiff, Dodonaea viscosa Jacq., Acacia macracantha Humb.

& Bonpl. ex. Willd., Mimosa quitensis Benth, Croton wag-

neri Mull. Arg., and Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kunth-

ze, among others, being the same species that characterize

the dry scrub of our study site. In the south sub-region, dry

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DOI: 10.54753/cedamaz.v12i2.1319

scrub is recorded for the valleys of Vilcabamba, Malacatos,

and Catamayo. The characteristic species are Opuntia spp.,

Colicodendron scabridum (Kunth) Seem., Cynophalla mollis

(Kunth) J. Presl, AAcacia macracantha Humb & Bonpl. ex.

Willd., Mimosa quitensis Benth, Croton wagneri Müll. Arg.

(most common bush) and Dodonaea viscosa Jacq.

Families and species found in this study correspond to

arid ecosystems. Lopez (2003) indicates that in the Boli-

vian dry valleys, characteristic botanical families are: Aste-

raceae, Cactaceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Solanaceae, and Bro-

meliaceae. Asteraceae in southern Ecuador is also the most

diverse, except for Solanaceae and Bromeliaceae the other

families are also considered as the most diverse in our study.

In the Andean arid place, Figueroa (2007) found 223 species

of vascular plants; the most diverse families were Legumi-

nosae, Poaceae, Euphorbiaceae and Asteraceae, which coin-

cides with the most diverse families in the scrub of southern

Ecuador. On the other hand, at genera and species levels the-

re were ﬂoristic similarities found in Fabaceae sl. (Legumi-

nosae), with Stylosanthes and Rhynchosia genera growing in

Ecuador and Bolivia. In Poaceae, Sporobolus and Tragus ber-

teronianus Schult., are growing in both countries. In Euphor-

biaceae, Croton, Cnidosculus, Euphorbia and Jatropha, grow

in both countries, the same occur with Asteraceae species li-

ke Lagascea mollis Cav., Tessaria integrifolia Ruiz & Pav.

and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass.

In dry scrub in northern Ecuador, Werner (2009) refers to

80 species among those that have similarities with the dry

valleys of southern Ecuador: Acacia macracantha Humb y

Bonpland ex. Willd., Alternanthera porrigens (Jacq.) Kun-

tze, Anagallis arvensis L., Arcytophyllum thymifolium (Ruiz

& Pav.) Standl., Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kuntze, Chei-

lanthes bonariensis (Willd.) Proctor, Commelina erecta L.,

Croton elegans Kunth, Dodonaea viscosa Jacq., Ephedra

americana Willd., Euphorbia hirta (L.) Mill., Iochroma cya-

neum (Lindl.) G.H.M. Lawr. & J.M. Tucker, Lycianthes ly-

cioides (L.) Hassl., Nicandra physalioides (L.) Gaertn., Oxa-

lis peduncularis Kunth, Pavonia sepium A. St.-Hil., Portu-

lacca oleracea L., Tecoma stans (L.) Juss. ex Kunth, Tesaria

integrifolia, Tribulus terrestris L.

Albuja (2011) analyzed the biodiversity of Interandean dry

valleys of Ecuador. His work included four of the locations

(Yunguilla, Ceibopamba, San Pedro and Nambacola); mat-

ching species are: Acacia macracantha Humb y Bonpland

ex. Willd., Caesalpinia spinosa (Molina) Kunthze, Ipomoea

carnea Jacq., Colicodendron scabridum (Kunth) Seem., Cro-

ton wagneri Mull. Arg., Cyathostegia mathewsii (Benth.)

Schery, Senna mollisima (Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd) H. S.

Irwin & Barneby, Opuntia ﬁcus-indica (L.) Mill.

Finally, Euphorbia weberbaueri Mansf. (Figure 5-6) is a

new record for Ecuador (Cabrera-Cisneros & Prina, 2013),

Beautempsia avicennifolia (Kunth) Gaudich (Figure 7) ac-

cording to Cornejo and Iltis (2009) is a genus resurrected"for

the ﬂora of Ecuador. Varronia globosa Jacq. (Figure 8-9) ac-

cording to Miller and Gottschlling (2007) is a “resurrected”

genus for Cordiaceae. The ﬁrst two reported species were co-

llected in the Catamayo canton, being ﬂoristic common ele-

ments in the environment and as they do not have known

uses, they are not under any threatened level. The third spe-

cies was collected in Calvas canton, also in a wild environ-

ment, its most immediate threats are ﬁres and deforestation

for land use change.

Fig. 5: Floral branch of Euphorbia weberbaueri Mansf.

(Euphorbiaceae).

Fig. 6: Adult individual of Euphorbia weberbaueri Mansf.

(Euphorbiaceae).

CONCLUSIONS

After carrying out the ﬂoristic inventory of the arid valleys

of Loja province, we can conclude the following:

The arid valleys were considered throug years, ecosystems

that shown low ﬂoristic diversity level, however, the data ob-

108

VASCULAR FLORA OF DRY SCRUB IN SOUTHERN ECUADOR CABRERA-CISNEROS et al.

Fig. 7: Flower and buds of Beautempsia avicennifolia (Kunth)

Gaudich (Caprifoliaceae).

Fig. 8: Inﬂorescence of Varronia globosa Jacq. (Cordiaceae).

Fig. 9: Floral Branch and leaves of Varronia globosa Jacq.

(Cordiaceae).

tainned in this research show a highly diverse ecosystem that

is potentially threatened by changes in land.

The various life forms of the species are considered an im-

portant factor when assessing overall diversity.

A combination of endemic, native and introduced species

result in an ecosystem with unique ﬂoristic diversity and re-

inforces the view that southern Ecuador is one of the most

diverse regions of the country.

AUTHORS CONTRIBUTION

OC, FT, NC and AP designed the methodology, identiﬁed

the collected specimens, analyzed the data and wrote the ma-

nuscript in its original form.

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