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Ethical guidelines for the publication of articles
Introduction
The publication of an article in a blind peer-reviewed academic journal serves as a fundamental element for the development of a coherent and respected knowledge network of the academic community in their respective fields of research, where the impact of the work is reflected. and research experience of their authors and also of the institutions that support them. For all these, and many other reasons, it is important to establish and clarify standards of ethical behavior expected by all parties involved in the act of publishing: the author, the journal editor, the reviewer, and the publisher to which the journal belongs. .
These ethical guidelines are conceived to a greater extent for primary research journals, but may also be relevant for other professional publications that make use of the dissemination of science, where the actors involved in the process intervene, but in general it is governed by discipline-specific standards or regulatory bodies, such as the International Board of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) [1] and the Consolidated Standards for Trial Reporting (CONSORT) [2] and the Committee on Publication Ethics (Code of Conduct and Guidelines of Best Practices for Journal Editors, COPE )
Publisher Ethical Guidelines
These guidelines have been written taking into account all ethical requirements and guidelines, but with special recognition that it is an important function of the publisher to support the efforts made by the editors of Revista Económica, and the often unrecognized volunteer work done by the reviewers, to maintain the integrity of the academic record. Although ethical codes inevitably focus on violations that sometimes occur, it is essential that the system works as well and that ethical and technical problems in documents, both before and after publication, are comparatively rare. The editorial of this journal is assumed by the National University of Loja, and as a higher education institution, it has a role of support, investment, dissemination and promotion in the academic communication process, but it is also ultimately responsible for guaranteeing that best practices are followed in their publications [3,4].
The National University of Loja, as the main publisher of the Revista Económica, has adopted these policies and procedures to support editors, reviewers, and authors in fulfilling their ethical duties according to these guidelines.
Copyright
The Economic Magazine is managed under an open access modality and makes use of a license called creative commons Attribution-NonCommercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which promotes access and exchange of culture, and in general develops a set of free legal instruments that make it easy to use and share both creativity and knowledge. However, for the National University of Loja as a publishing entity to publish and disseminate research articles, it needs the publication rights. This is determined by a publication agreement between the author and the publisher. This agreement deals with the transfer or license of copyright to the publisher and authors retain significant rights to use and share their own published articles. Authors will be required to sign an exclusive license agreement, where authors hold the copyright, but grant exclusive rights to their article to the publisher. The National University of Loja supports the need for authors to share, disseminate and maximize the impact of their research and these rights, in journals owned exclusively by the publisher, authors have the right to:
- Sharing your article in the same manner permitted to third parties under the applicable user license.
- Retain patents, trademarks, and other intellectual property rights (including research data).
- Appropriate attribution and credit for published work.
Editor-in-Chief Ethical Guidelines
Publication Decisions
The editor-in-chief of a scientific journal is solely responsible, independently, for deciding which of the articles submitted to the journal should be accepted for review and subsequent publication if approved by the anonymous reviewers that are part of the process. of arbitration of the article. Validation of the work in question and its importance to researchers and readers should always support such decisions. The editor-in-chief can be guided by the policies of the journal's editorial board and by the legal requirements in force at the time regarding issues such as defamation, copyright infringement, and plagiarism. The editor is free to consult with other editors or reviewers (or society officials) in making these decisions.
Peer Review
The Editor-in-Chief will ensure that the peer review process is fair, impartial, and timely. Research articles should normally be reviewed by at least two independent, external reviewers and, where necessary, additional feedback should be sought by the editor-in-chief.
Fair play
The editor-in-chief must evaluate manuscripts for their intellectual content without regard to the authors' race, gender, sexual orientation, religious beliefs, ethnicity, citizenship, or political philosophy.
Journal editorial policies should encourage transparency and full and honest reporting, and the editor-in-chief should ensure that anonymous reviewers and authors clearly understand what is expected of them. The editor-in-chief will use the journal's standard electronic submission system for all journal communications. The editor-in-chief will establish, together with the editorial board of the journal, a transparent appeal mechanism against editorial decisions.
Magazine Metric
The editor-in-chief should not attempt to influence the journal's ranking by artificially increasing any journal metric. In particular, the editor-in-chief will not require references to articles in that (or any other) journal, except for genuinely academic reasons, and authors will not be required to reference the editor-in-chief's own articles or to the products and services in which he is interested
Confidentiality
The editor-in-chief must protect the confidentiality of all material submitted to the journal and all communications with reviewers, unless otherwise agreed with the relevant authors and reviewers. In exceptional circumstances and in consultation with the editor, the editor may share limited information with the editors of other journals when deemed necessary to investigate suspected research misconduct [5]. And, in addition, the editor must protect the identity of the reviewers, through an anonymous (blind) review process.
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in an editor's own research without the express written consent of the author. Privileged information or insights obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal gain.
Conflicts of interest
Any potential editorial conflicts of interest must be disclosed in writing to the editor prior to his appointment and updated as new conflicts arise. The publisher may publish those statements in the journal.
The editor should not be involved in decisions about articles written by himself or by family members or colleagues or about products or services in which the editor has an interest. Furthermore, any such submission must be subject to all standard journal procedures, peer review must be handled independently of the relevant author/editor and their research groups, and there must be a clear statement to this effect in any papers. of this type to be published.
Surveillance of published records
The publisher should work to safeguard the integrity of the published record by reviewing and evaluating reported or suspected misconduct (investigation, publication, review, and editorial), in conjunction with the publisher (or society).
Such steps will generally include contacting the author of the manuscript or paper and giving due consideration to the respective complaint(s) that have been filed, but may also include other communications to relevant institutions and investigative bodies. The publisher will also make appropriate use of the publisher's systems for the detection of misconduct, such as plagiarism.
An editor presented with compelling evidence of misconduct should coordinate with the editor (and/or society) to arrange for prompt correction, retraction, expression of concern, or other publication correction, as appropriate.
Ethical Guidelines for Reviewers
Contribution to editorial decisions
Peer review helps the editor make editorial decisions and, through editorial communications with the author, can also help the author improve the work. Anonymous peer review is an essential component of formal scholarly communication, and is one of the fundamental pillars of the scientific method. In addition to the specific ethics-related duties described below, reviewers are generally required to treat authors and their work as they would like to be treated themselves and to observe good review protocol.
Any selected reviewer who feels unqualified to review the research contained in a manuscript or who knows that prompt review will be impossible must notify the editor and decline to participate in the review process.
Confidentiality
All manuscripts received for review must be treated as confidential documents. Reviewers should not share review or article information with anyone or contact authors directly without permission from the publisher.
Some editors encourage discussion with colleagues or joint review exercises, but reviewers should first discuss this with the editor-in-chief to ensure that confidentiality is respected and that participants receive proper credit.
Unpublished materials disclosed in a submitted manuscript must not be used in the reviewer's own research without the express written consent of the author. Privileged information or insights obtained through peer review must be kept confidential and not used for personal gain.
Ethical issues of the reviewer
The reviewer should be alert to and raise potential ethical issues in the article with the editor, including any substantial similarities or overlaps between the reviewed manuscript and any other published articles of which the reviewer has personal knowledge. Any statement that an observation, derivation or argument has been previously notified must be accompanied by the corresponding citation.
Rules of objectivity and conflict of interest
Reviews must be conducted objectively. Reviewers should be aware of any personal bias they may have and take this into account when reviewing a paper. Personal criticism of the author is inappropriate. The arbitrators must express their opinions clearly with supporting arguments.
Reviewers should consult with the Editor before agreeing to review an article when they have potential conflicts of interest resulting from competitive, collaborative, or other relationships or connections with any of the authors, companies, or institutions associated with the articles.
If a reviewer suggests that an author include citations from the reviewer's (or associates') work, it must be for genuine scientific reasons and not with the intent of increasing the reviewer's citation count or improving the visibility of his or her work (or the of its associates).
Authors Ethical Guidelines
Information standards
Authors of original research reports must present an accurate account of the work done, as well as an objective discussion of its importance. The underlying data must be accurately represented in the document. A document must contain enough detail and references to allow others to reproduce the work. Fraudulent or willfully inaccurate statements constitute unethical behavior and are unacceptable.
Review and professional publication articles must also be accurate and factual, and editorial "opinion" works must be clearly identified as such.
Data access and retention
Authors may be asked to provide research data supporting their work for editorial review and/or to meet the journal's open data requirements. Authors must be willing to make such data available to the public, if feasible, and must be willing to retain it for a reasonable number of years after publication.
Originality and recognition of sources
Authors must ensure that they have written entirely original works and, if authors have used the work and/or words of others, the reviewer must ensure that proper citation has been made and permission obtained.
Appropriate recognition should always be given to the work of others. Authors should cite publications that have influenced the reported work and that give the work an appropriate context within the broader scholarly record. In extreme cases, information obtained in private, such as in a conversation, correspondence, or discussion with third parties, should not be used or communicated without the explicit, written permission of the source.
Plagiarism takes many forms, from "passing off another's work as the author's own work, to copying or paraphrasing substantial parts of another's work (without attribution), to claiming the results of research done by others. Plagiarism in all its forms forms constitutes unethical behavior and is unacceptable.
Multiple, redundant or simultaneous publication
In general, an author should not publish manuscripts that describe essentially the same research in more than one primary publication journal. Submitting the same manuscript to more than one journal simultaneously constitutes unethical behavior and is unacceptable.
In general, an author should not submit previously published work for consideration by another journal, except in abstract form or as part of a published scholarly conference or thesis, or as a preprint.
Publishing some types of articles (eg, clinical guidelines, translations) in more than one journal is sometimes justifiable, provided certain conditions are met. The authors and editors of the journals in question must agree to the secondary publication, which must reflect the same data and interpretation of the primary document. The primary reference must be cited in the secondary publication.
The authorship of the document
Authorship should be limited to those who contributed significantly to the conception, design, execution, or interpretation of the reported study. All those who have made substantial contributions should be listed as co-authors.
In case there are other people who have participated in certain substantive aspects of the work (for example, in language editing or in medical writing), they should be recognized in the acknowledgments section.
The corresponding author should ensure that all appropriate co-authors and no inappropriate co-authors are included in the paper, and that all co-authors have viewed and approved the final version of the paper and accepted its submission for publication.
Authors are expected to carefully consider the list and order of authors before submitting their manuscript and to provide the final list of authors at the time of original submission. Only in exceptional circumstances will the Editor consider (at his discretion) the addition, deletion or rearrangement of authors after the manuscript has been submitted and any such request to the Editor must be clearly flagged by the author. All authors must agree to any such addition, deletion, or rearrangement.
The authors assume collective responsibility for the work. Each author is responsible for ensuring that questions regarding the accuracy or completeness of any part of the work are properly investigated and resolved.
Human/Animal Subjects and Hazards
If the work includes chemicals, procedures, or equipment that present unusual hazards inherent in their use, the author must clearly identify them in the manuscript.
If the work involves the use of animal or human subjects, the author must ensure that the manuscript contains a statement that all procedures were performed in compliance with applicable laws and institutional guidelines and have been approved by the appropriate institutional committees. Authors must include a statement in the manuscript that informed consent for experimentation on human subjects was obtained. The privacy rights of human subjects must always be respected.
In the case of human subjects, the author must ensure that the work described has been carried out in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki) for experiments on humans [6]. All animal experiments must comply with the ARRIVE guidelines [7] and must be carried out in accordance with the UK Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 and related guidelines [8], or Directive 2010/63/ of the EU on the Protection of Animals Used for Scientific Purposes [9], or the United States Public Health Service Policy on the Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals and, as applicable, the Law on animal welfare [10].
Appropriate consents, permissions, and releases must be obtained when an author wishes to include case details or other personal information or images of any individual in a post. The author must retain written consents and must provide the journal, upon request, with copies of the consents or evidence that such consents have been obtained.
Conflicts of interest
All authors must disclose in their manuscript any financial and personal relationships with other people or organizations that could be considered inappropriately influencing (biasing) their work.
All sources of financial support for the conduct of the research and/or preparation of the article should be disclosed, as well as the role of the sponsor(s), if any, in the study design; in the collection, analysis and interpretation of data; in writing the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. If the funding source(s) have(s) no such involvement, then this should be declared.
Examples of potential conflicts of interest that must be disclosed include employment, consulting, stock ownership, honoraria, paid expert testimony, patent applications/registrations, and grants or other funds. Potential conflicts of interest must be disclosed at the earliest possible stage.
Fundamental Errors in Published Works
When an author discovers a material error or inaccuracy in his own published work, he has an obligation to promptly notify the editor or editor of the journal and to cooperate with him in retracting or correcting the article if the editor deems it necessary. If the publisher or publisher learns from a third party that a published work contains an error, the author has an obligation to cooperate with the publisher, including providing proof upon request.
Integrity of figures and images
It is not acceptable to enhance, darken, move, remove, or introduce a specific feature within an image [11]. Adjustments to brightness, contrast, or color balance are acceptable as long as they do not obscure or remove any information present in the original. Image manipulation to improve clarity is accepted, but manipulation for other purposes could be considered scientific ethical abuse and will be dealt with accordingly [18].
Authors must comply with any specific policy on graphic images applied by the corresponding journal, for example, by providing the original images as supplementary material with the article, or by depositing them in an appropriate repository.
Plagiarism Detection.
One of the commitments of the Revista Económica is to disseminate the results of unpublished and original research, which is why it includes in its editorial process the review of articles through the following procedure, to make its plagiarism and self-plagiarism policies effective:
Requesting from the authors a declaration that their research complies with the guidelines established by the journal, that their work is original and unpublished, and that it has not been published in another journal.
Use Internet search tools that allow you to verify results and different aspects of writing, to corroborate the originality of the work. The software used for the arduous task is plagius software, which is a highly effective paid licensed software.
Plagiarism control will be done before the peer review.
Inform the authors and evaluators of similarities (greater than 15%), and the non-acceptance of articles that exceed the established plagiarism limit.
Inform the authors and content evaluators to be corrected in case of not exceeding the admitted plagiarism limit (articles with a plagiarism percentage of less than 15% are accepted).
References
[1] ICMJE Requisitos uniformes para los manuscritos presentados a las revistas biomédicas http://www.icmie.org/
[2] Normas de CONSORT para ensayos aleatorios
[3] The STM trade Association International Ethical Principles for Scholarly Publication http://www.stm-assoc.org/201a o21 STM Ethical Principles for Scholarly Publication.pdf
[4] Códigos de conducta de la COPE
[5] El Comité de Ética de la Publicación (COPE) Directrices sobre los editores en jefe
[6] Declaración de Helsinki de la Asociación Médica Mundial (AMM) para la Investigación Médica en Sujetos Humanos https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research- Involucrar a
[7] Investigación de animales: Directrices para la presentación de informes sobre experimentos in vivo (ARRIVE) https://www.ncars.org.uk/arrive-guidelines
[8] la Ley de Animales del Reino Unido (Procedimientos Científicos) de 1986
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/svstem/uploads/attachment data/file/aoS^Qa/ConsolidatedASPAil an20ia.pdf
[9] Directiva de la UE 2010/63/UE sobre experimentos con animales http://ec.europa.eu/environment/chemicals/lab animals/legislation en.htm
[10] Política del Servicio de Salud Pública de los Estados Unidos sobre el cuidado humanitario y el uso de animales de laboratorio https://grants.nih.gov/gra nts/olaw/references/phspol icvlabanimals.pdf
[11] Rossner y Yamada, 2004. The Journal of Cell Biology, 166,11-15. http://icb.rupress.0rg/content/166/1/11.full